Abstract
Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) has been known for its plant biostimulant and stress alleviation activities on various crops. However, very few reports are available depicting its impact at the molecular level, which is crucial in identifying the mechanism of action of KSWE on plants. Here, maize leaf tissue of control and KSWE-treated plants were analyzed for their transcriptional changes under drought stress. KSWE was applied foliarly at the V5 stage of maize crop under drought, and leaf transcriptome analysis was performed. It was found that a total of 380 and 631 genes were up- and downregulated, respectively, due to the application of KSWE. Genes involved in nitrate transportation, signal transmission, photosynthesis, transmembrane transport of various ions, glycogen, and starch biosynthetic processes were found upregulated in KSWE-treated plants, while genes involved in the catabolism of polysaccharide molecules such as starch as well as cell wall macromolecules like chitin and protein degradation were found downregulated. An overview of differentially expressed genes involved in metabolic as well as regulatory processes in KSWE-treated plants was also analyzed via Mapman tool. Phytohormone signaling genes such as cytokinin-independent 1 (involved in cytokine signal transduction), Ent-kaurene synthase and GA20 oxidase (involved in gibberellin synthesis), and gene of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzyme activity (involved in ethylene synthesis) were found upregulated while 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (a gene involved in abscisic acid synthesis) was found downregulated due to the application of KSWE. Modulation of gene expression in maize leaf tissue in response to KSWE treatment elucidates mechanisms to ward off drought stress, which can be extended to understand similar phenomenon in other crops as well. This molecular knowledge can be utilized to make the use of KSWE more efficient and sustainable.
Highlights
Sustainable agriculture is the need of the hour to reduce the burden of climate change and global warming on the environment
Concerning biochemical changes, we have found that Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) increased the rate of photosynthesis, and levels of antioxidant enzymes simultaneously decreased different reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in the foliarly treated maize plants compared to its control (Trivedi et al, 2018a)
We tried to show the complete change in the transcriptional profile of maize leaf tissue when treated with KSWE compared to its control
Summary
Sustainable agriculture is the need of the hour to reduce the burden of climate change and global warming on the environment. Alterations in endogenous phytohormone levels (Agarwal et al, 2016), enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Trivedi et al, 2018a), reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Trivedi et al, 2018b), and various components of photosynthetic machinery (Trivedi et al, 2018a) have been reported earlier for the application of KSWE. Many of these physiological changes are the result of biochemical alterations governed by molecular mechanisms. Due to decrease in water availability to the root cells, plants experience modulation in root growth, decrease above ground biomass, damage to photosynthetic pigments leading to impaired photosynthesis and transpiration, accumulation of compatible solutes and ROS, and decreased reproduction (Mansori et al, 2016; Bhusal et al, 2021)
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