Abstract
Responses to biotic stress in plants lead to dramatic reprogramming of gene expression, favoring stress responses at the expense of normal cellular functions. Transcription factors are master regulators of gene expression at the transcriptional level, and controlling the activity of these factors alters the transcriptome of the plant, leading to metabolic and phenotypic changes in response to stress. The functional analysis of interactions between transcription factors and other proteins is very important for elucidating the role of these transcriptional regulators in different signaling cascades. In this review, we present an overview of protein-protein interactions for the six major families of transcription factors involved in plant defense: basic leucine zipper containing domain proteins (bZIP), amino-acid sequence WRKYGQK (WRKY), myelocytomatosis related proteins (MYC), myeloblastosis related proteins (MYB), APETALA2/ ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING FACTORS (AP2/EREBP) and no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF), and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC) (NAC). We describe the interaction partners of these transcription factors as molecular responses during pathogen attack and the key components of signal transduction pathways that take place during plant defense responses. These interactions determine the activation or repression of response pathways and are crucial to understanding the regulatory networks that modulate plant defense responses.
Highlights
The growth and development of plants are constantly affected by various environmental stresses, and among the most important biotic stresses are those caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes [1]
AtsPLAα is a negative regulator of hypersensitive response (HR) and defense responses in Arabidopsis and is mediated by AtMYB30 localized in cytoplasmic vesicles, preventing the transcription of genes normally mediated by AtMYB30 (Figure 3) [31]
We describe some of the key protein-protein interactions involved in regulating the function of transcription factors important in the defense against biotic stress in plants, such as members of the basic leucine zipper containing domain proteins (bZIP) families, APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING FACTORS family (AP2/ERF), myeloblastosis related proteins (MYB), myelocytomatosis related proteins (MYC), WRKY and, more recently, the NAC
Summary
The growth and development of plants are constantly affected by various environmental stresses, and among the most important biotic stresses are those caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes [1]. In SA-induced cells, monomeric NPR1 translocates into the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex (NPC) [6,7,8,12], and the NPR1 monomers interact with members of the TGA family (bZIP) and bind to SA-responsive gene promoters (Figure 1) During this process, NPR1 is phosphorylated and ubiquitinated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has a high affinity for phosphorylated NPR1, targeting NPR1 for degradation by the proteasome complex. This dissociation results in the translocation of EREBP to the nucleus and leads to expression of PR genes
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