Trans–cis Photoisomerization of Azobenzene‐Conjugated Dithiolato‐Bipyridine Platinum(II) Complexes: Extension of Photoresponse to Longer Wavelengths and Photocontrollable Tristability

Abstract

Azobenzene derivatives modified with dithiolato-bipyridine platinum(II) complexes were synthesized, revealing their highly extended photoresponses to the long wavelength region as well as unique photocontrollable tristability. The absorptions of trans-1 and trans-2 with one azobenzene group on the dithiolene and bipyridine ligands, respectively, cover the range from 300 to 700 nm. These absorptions are ascribed, by means of time-dependent (TD)DFT calculations, to transitions from dithiolene(pi) to bipyridine(pi*), namely, interligand charge transfer (CT), pi-pi*, and n-pi* transitions of the azobenzene unit, and pi-pi* transitions of the bipyridine ligand. In addition, only trans-1 shows distinctive electronic bands, assignable to transitions from the dithiolene(pi) to azobenzene(pi*), defined as intraligand CT. Complex 1 shows photoisomerization behavior opposite to that of azobenzene: trans-to-cis and cis-to-trans conversions proceed with 405 and 312 nm irradiation, which correspond to excitation with the intraligand CT, and pi-pi* bands of the azobenzene and bipyridine units, respectively. In contrast, complex 2 shows photoisomerization similar to that of azobenzene: trans-to-cis and cis-to-trans transformations occur with 365 and 405 nm irradiation, respectively. Irradiation at 578 nm, corresponding to excitation of the interligand CT transitions, results in cis-to-trans conversion of both 1 and 2, which is the longest wavelength ever reported to effect the photoisomerization of the azobenzene group. The absorption and photochromism of 4, which has azobenzene groups on both the dithiolato and bipyridine ligands, have characteristics quite similar to those of 1 and 2, which furnishes 4 with photocontrollable tristability in a single molecule using light at 365, 405, and 578 nm. We also clarified that 1 and 2 have high photoisomerization efficiencies, and good thermal stability of the cis forms. Complexes 3 and 5 have almost the identical photoresponse to those of their positional isomers, complexes 2 and 4.