Abstract
We present the case of a 63-year-old woman presenting with a huge pelvic and retroperitoneal high flow arteriovenous malformation (AVM) causing high-output heart failure, who was treated with combined therapies, including transarterial embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate–iodized oil mixture (NBCA–lip) and coils for the right ovarian, both internal iliac, 3rd and 4th lumber arteries, venous sclerotherapy using coils and ethanolamine oleate (EO) for the right ovarian and both internal iliac veins with balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration technique, and direct percutaneous sclerotherapy using the NBCA–lip and EO for the large nidus of AVM under outflow control using occlusion balloon catheters.<Learning objective: Huge arteriovenous fistulae or malformation (AVF/M) are potentially life threatening due to the potential for spontaneous hemorrhaging and high-output heart failure and are notoriously difficult to diagnose and treat. To improve the high-output heart failure, intensive and invasive combined treatments for huge AVF/M are needed including transarterial and transvenous embolization and sclerotherapy and percutaneous nidus sclerotherapy.>
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