Transbronchial Needle Aspiration and Mediastinal Staging in Lung Cancer

Abstract

Accessible online at: www.karger.com/res For many years to come, surgery will remain the only curative treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer in early disease stages, and for as many years, the preoperative staging of mediastinal lymph nodes will remain central to the decision whether a patient should undergo surgery or not. The staging methods have changed considerably with the advent of whole-body FDG-PET scan [1], which can now be combined with chest CT scans [2]. The imaging techniques for the mediastinum, however, are still limited in their sensitivity and specificity. The CT size criteria for mediastinal nodes have long been questioned [3], because inflammatory lymph node enlargements should not exclude patients from the opportunity of curative resection. Metabolic information from FDG-PET, on the other hand, can also show positive signals in inflammatory lymph nodes. Even with this combined information, however, falsepositive and false-negative results occur. In the light of the importance of correct mediastinal staging in non-smallcell lung cancer, where missing a possible resection means missing a chance to cure the patient, we still need cytologic or histologic confirmation of decisive mediastinal node involvement. Clearly, the method of choice, the gold standard, is mediastinoscopy, which allows for the histologic assessment of the most important mediastinal node locations. Although a relatively safe surgical procedure, mediastinoscopy is still an intervention requiring general anaesthesia and an experienced chest surgeon. So, the goal is to avoid unnecessary mediastinoscopies where possible. Today, no resection of lung cancer should be performed without previous flexible bronchoscopy. This is usually the method of choice for the preoperative histologic assessment of the primary tumour. During the same session, transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) techniques allow assessment of the involvement of the most important mediastinal lymph node locations in the paratracheal and tracheobronchial as well as infracarinal locations. If interpreted with caution (lymphocytes need to be in the specimen in order to exclude contamination of the sample with bronchial secretions, which may potentially contain tumour cells), false-positive cytologic results are extremely rare [4]. In experienced hands, this technique is safe and requires little time (a few minutes per location). The negative predictive value has only rarely been assessed, but may be as high as 80% (personal experience). Even with a sensitivity of only 65% (in the study by Hermens et al., this issue of Respiration [5]), there is still a relevant number of mediastinoscopies that can be omitted in TBNA-diagnosed N3 disease. In addition, TBNA adds to the overall diagnostic yield of flexible bronchosco-