Abstract
Trans-11 vaccenic acid [VA; 18:1(n-9)] is a positional and geometric isomer of oleic acid and is the precursor to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in humans. Despite VA being the predominant trans monoene in ruminant-derived lipids, very little is known about its nutritional bioactivity, particularly in conditions of chronic metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, and/or dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of VA to improve dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity, or inflammatory status in obese and insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. The obese rats and age-matched lean littermates were fed a control diet or a control diet supplemented with 1.5% (wt:wt) VA for a period of 3 wk. The incorporation of VA and subsequent conversion to CLA in triglyceride was measured in adipose tissue. Glucose and insulin metabolism were assessed via a conscious adapted meal tolerance test procedure. Plasma lipids as well as serum inflammatory cytokine concentrations were measured by commercially available assays. VA supplementation did not result in any observable adverse health effects in either lean or obese JCR:LA-cp rats. After 3 wk of feeding, body weight, food intake, and glucose/insulin metabolism did not differ between VA-supplemented and control groups. The incorporation of VA and CLA into adipose triglycerides in obese rats fed VA increased by 1.5-fold and 6.5-fold, respectively, compared with obese rats fed the control diet. The most striking effect was a 40% decrease (P < 0.05) in fasting triglyceride concentrations in VA-treated obese rats relative to obese controls. Serum Il-10 concentration was decreased by VA, regardless of genotype (P < 0.05). In conclusion, short-term dietary supplementation of 1.5% VA did not result in any detrimental metabolic effects in JCR:LA-cp rats. In contrast, dietary VA had substantial hypo-triglyceridemic effects, suggesting a new bioactivity of this fatty acid that is typically found in ruminant-derived food products.
Highlights
Trans-11 vaccenic acid [VA;5 trans-11 18:1(n-9)] is the predominant trans monoene in ruminant fat, which is produced naturally during the partial biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (LA) [18:2(n-6)] and a-linolenic acid (ALA) [18:3(n-3)] [1,2]
The VA diet resulted in a lower ratio of VA:conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in triglycerides from adipose tissue in obese rats compared with lean rats (3.3 and 12.0, respectively)
Few studies have drawn a consistent conclusion on the potential health effects of naturally derived trans fats, in particular VA, and its relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
Summary
Trans-11 vaccenic acid [VA; trans-11 18:1(n-9)] is the predominant trans monoene in ruminant fat, which is produced naturally during the partial biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (LA) [18:2(n-6)] and a-linolenic acid (ALA) [18:3(n-3)] [1,2]. VA acts as a precursor for the endogenous synthesis of cis, trans11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) via the action of the n9 desaturase enzyme in both humans and animals [1,3]. Recent nutritional studies have provided insight into the beneficial health effects of dietary-derived CLA in redistributing visceral fat stores (in both animals and humans), protecting against several types of cancer, as well as improving dyslipidemia [4,5,6,7]. The existing literature relates industrial trans fatty acids to decreased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue [13], increased total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. The literature to date has not differentiated between the detrimental effect of industrialhydrogenated trans-fat vegetable oils and the effect of naturally
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