Abstract
ABSTRACTThe scale of casualties in World War I and the reinterpretation of the conflict in terms of futility and waste suggest that many veterans experienced moral injury. Memory of the war was in part determined by their experience of the peace. Governments sought to contain traumatic memory through commemorative rituals such as Armistice Day and homage to the Unknown Soldier, whereas relatives were not permitted to repatriate the dead from military cemeteries on the battlefields. Despite gains in treating psychiatric casualties, many veterans with shell shock never recovered from their psychological wounds. To what extent their symptoms were a consequence of moral injury is not known, though individual accounts suggest that shame and guilt were features of their enduring illness.
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