Tramadol Biological Effects, 2: Effective Therapeutic Efficacy of Lagenaria siceraria Preparation and Melatonin on Cell Biological, Histochemical and Histopathological Changes in Hepatocytes of Tramadol-Induced Male Mice

Abdel-Baset Aref

doi:10.21608/eajbsz.2021.198263

Abstract

Tramadol Biological Effects, 2: Effective Therapeutic Efficacy of Lagenaria siceraria Preparation and Melatonin on Cell Biological, Histochemical and Histopathological Changes in Hepatocytes of Tramadol-Induced Male Mice

Highlights

Raffa et al, (1992) reported that tramadol (1RS, 2RS)-2[(dimethylamino) methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclo-hexanol) is a synthetic opioid from the aminocyclohexanol group, an analgesic with opioid agonist properties that acts on the neurotrans-mission of noradrenaline and serotonin. Grond and Sablotzki, (2004) mentioned that tramadol shows structural resemblance with codeine
The present results showed the injection of tramadol showed a severe degree of histopathological changes in hepatocytes of the male mice
From the cytological point of view, tramadol has an inhibitory effect on volume nuclei of hepatocytes in the liver of mice but with time, this inhibitory effect will be decreased.From the cell biological point of view, tramadol is an inhibitor for cellular activities

Summary

Introduction

Raffa et al, (1992) reported that tramadol (1RS, 2RS)-2[(dimethylamino) methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclo-hexanol) is a synthetic opioid from the aminocyclohexanol group, an analgesic with opioid agonist properties that acts on the neurotrans-mission of noradrenaline and serotonin. Grond and Sablotzki, (2004) mentioned that tramadol shows structural resemblance with codeine. Raffa et al, (1992) reported that tramadol (1RS, 2RS)-2[(dimethylamino) methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclo-hexanol) is a synthetic opioid from the aminocyclohexanol group, an analgesic with opioid agonist properties that acts on the neurotrans-mission of noradrenaline and serotonin. Grond and Sablotzki, (2004) mentioned that tramadol shows structural resemblance with codeine. Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine with central effects (Afshari et al, 2011). The liver and kidney are responsible for tramadol metabolism and excretion. It may induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity during its metabolism (Janssen-Ortho Inc., 2005). Tramadol metabolism takes place in the liver by the cytochrome p450 enzyme system and by-products are excreted through kidneys (Dickman, 2007)

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Results

Conclusion