Abstract
ABSTRACTBiomass burning is a major global source of fine primary carbonaceous particles including strongly light absorbing compounds and marker compounds. In a prior study, particulate matter (PM) sampling was conducted during 2010–2012 period at sites in Rajshahi, Dhaka, Khulna, and Chittagong. PM samples were collected using dichotomous samplers in the PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 size fractions. The samples were analyzed for mass, black carbon at 370 nm (UVBC) and 880 nm (BC), Delta-C (UVBC-BC), and elemental compositions with X-ray fluorescence. Source apportionment using PMF was performed to identify and quantify the PM sources. Results showed that biomass burning contributions during winters in Rajshahi were substantially higher than in Dhaka, Khulna, or Chittagong. Agricultural burning areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain were hypnotized as the primary source region. The present study explores the relationships between the source regions using trajectory ensemble models and determines if transported biomass PM has disproportionately affected air quality in Rajshahi. The probable source locations that were identified included Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Northeastern India, and Myanmar. To assess the model results, satellite measurements of fire radiative power (FRP) were calculated based on fire data acquired by the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensor in six defined areas. High fire occurrences from MODIS coincident with the source regions identified in Nepal, Northeastern India and Myanmar in winter. The instantaneous FRP values ranged between 4.4 MW and 2449 MW. The mean winter FRP values for Nepal and Northeastern India were higher than for the other regions with Nepal having the overall highest value. Fire locations with their mean power, NASA Satellite pictures and particles speed along trajectories have been analyzed. In summary, the integrated outcome of the different techniques has identified Northern India and Nepal as the main source area responsible for the increased biomass burning concentration difference at Rajshahi.
Highlights
High particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Asia have been recognized as a substantial challenge. Cohen et al (2005) estimated that 2/3 of the global air pollution burden originates in Asia
The present study explores the relationships between the source regions using trajectory ensemble models and determines if transported biomass PM has disproportionately affected air quality in Rajshahi
In order to infer locations and the spatial distribution of the biomass burning sources, three back trajectory ensemble analyses were applied to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) results
Summary
High particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Asia have been recognized as a substantial challenge. Cohen et al (2005) estimated that 2/3 of the global air pollution burden originates in Asia. High particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Asia have been recognized as a substantial challenge. Cohen et al (2005) estimated that 2/3 of the global air pollution burden originates in Asia. In South Asia, the atmospheric brown cloud has been observed across the region (Ramanathan et al, 2001; 2007). The haze consists of layers of mineral dust and of light absorbing particles of anthropogenic origin (Ramanathan and Ramana, 2005). It occurs every year between November and April, and covers most of Bay of Bengal region (Begum et al, 2011a). PM concentrations are substantially increased and the Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality
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