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Abstract
BackgroundDepression and anxiety are the most common mental health problems among women, with various negative impacts both for the women concerned and their families. Greater understanding of developmental trajectories of maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety over the child rearing period would have significant benefits for public health, informing prevention and treatment approaches. The aim of the current study was to examine whether stressors related to child rearing and living conditions, social support, and maternal temperament, predicted mothers’ membership in groups with different trajectories of symptoms of depression and anxiety during 13 years of the child rearing phase.MethodsThe data were from a prospective, longitudinal study of 913 mothers in Norway followed from when their children were 18 months old (time 1) until they were 14.5 years (time 6) (the TOPP study). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to test whether child related stressors, stressors related to the living conditions, social support and maternal temperament at time 1 predicted membership in groups based on maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety over the subsequent 13 years.ResultsTemperamental distress, followed by child related stressors, were the strongest predictors of membership in a group with high symptoms of depression and anxiety over time. Stressors related to living conditions, and social support from partner and friends/family were also significant predictors. No interaction effects among predictors were found.ConclusionsThis study indicates that factors present early in the child rearing phase may provide substantial prediction of the variance in maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety over the following 13 years. Temperamental distress and child related stressors were the strongest predictors of membership in different depression and anxiety symptom trajectory groups.
Highlights
Depression and anxiety are the most common mental health problems among women, with various negative impacts both for the women concerned and their families
The aim of the study was to examine whether stressors related to child rearing and living conditions, social support, and maternal temperament, as assessed when women were caring for 18 month old children, predicted mothers’ membership in groups with different trajectories of symptom development during the following 13 years and whether there were interaction effects between the various stressors
Stressors related to living conditions The same introduction and response categories as for child related stressors above was used to assess three sources of stress related to living conditions at t1: a) Housing problems; b) Employment; and c) Economic problems
Summary
Depression and anxiety are the most common mental health problems among women, with various negative impacts both for the women concerned and their families. Depression and anxiety are the most common mental health problems among women [1,2] These problems can have adverse consequences for individual women, their families and society as a whole. The research on the relative effects of different sources of stress on symptoms of depression is, sparse. This is especially true for effects of chronic stress factors [11]. It is important to assess the relative effects of chronic stress factors from different sources when examining the role of stressors on symptoms of depression and anxiety
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