Trajectories and Predictors of Raised State Anxiety Among Outpatients Who Have Undergone Medical Imaging Procedures

Abstract

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of raised state anxiety before and after medical imaging procedures, the prevalence of state anxiety trajectories, and factors associated with postprocedural raised state anxiety. MethodsA prospective survey was administered to outpatients undergoing elective medical imaging procedures (CT, radiography, MRI, ultrasound, angiography, or fluoroscopy) recruited from one center. Participants completed a self-report survey preprocedure (time 1) and postprocedure (time 2). State anxiety was measured using the six-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The point prevalence of raised state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score ≥33.16) at time 1 and time 2 was calculated, as was the prevalence of four state anxiety trajectories over time: persistent low anxiety, decreasing anxiety, increasing anxiety, and persistent raised anxiety. Factors predictive of raised state anxiety at time 2 were examined using logistic regression analysis. ResultsThree hundred fifteen participants completed both surveys. The prevalence of raised state anxiety at time 1 (50%) and time 2 (51%) was similar. Most patients reported persistent raised anxiety (36%) and persistent low anxiety (34%) over time. Fewer patients reported increasing anxiety (15%) and decreasing anxiety (14%). Raised state anxiety (odds ratio, 4.84; 95% confidence interval, 2.48-9.48) and lower reported health status (odds ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-5.51) at time 1 were significantly associated with greater odds of raised anxiety at time 2. ConclusionsRaised state anxiety related to medical imaging procedures is common among outpatients. Half of patients either developed or continued to experience raised anxiety after their procedures. Outpatients may benefit from evidence-based methods of alleviating anxiety before their procedures.