Abstract

The importance of phenotypic plasticity for successful invasion by exotic plant species has been well studied, but with contradictory and inconclusive results. However, many previous studies focused on comparisons of native and invasive species that co‐occur in a single invaded region, and thus on species with potentially very different evolutionary histories. We took a different approach by comparing three closely related Centaurea species: the highly invasive C. solstitialis, and the noninvasive but exotic C. calcitrapa and C. sulphurea. These species have overlapping distributions both in their native range of Spain and in their non‐native range of California. We collected seeds from 3 to 10 populations from each region and species and grew them in common garden greenhouse conditions to obtain an F1 generation in order to reduce maternal effects. Then, F1 seeds were grown subjected to simulated herbivory, variation in nutrient availability, and competition, to explore plasticity in the responses to these conditions. We found little variation in phenotypic plasticity among species and regions, but C. solstitialis plants from California produced more biomass in competition than their Spanish conspecifics. This species also had the highest relative growth rates when in competition and when grown under low nutrient availability. Noninvasive congeners produced intermediate or opposite patterns.

Highlights

  • Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to express different phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions (West-­Eberhard, 1989)

  • We found no strong relationships between phenotypic plasticity and invasive success for these three closely related Centaurea species

  • Our results point to at least two potential characteristics that could promote the differential success of the invasive C. solstitialis, the ability to sustain high growth rates under nutrient-­limited conditions, and the ability of individuals from California to sustain high growth rates when experiencing competition

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Summary

| INTRODUCTION

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to express different phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions (West-­Eberhard, 1989). Phenotypic plasticity is thought to broaden the ecological niches of species and play an important role in biological invasions (Daehler, 2003; Richards, Bossdorf, Muth, Gurevitch, & Pigliucci, 2006; Zenni, Lamy, Lamarque, & Porté, 2014). This may be important in disturbed environments where environmental variation is frequent (Daehler, 2003). We designed experiments to assess the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity and trait variation in response to low and high nutrient availability, clipping, and competition in the context of differential invasive success

| METHODS
Findings
| DISCUSSION
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