Abstract
The aim was to synthesize current knowledge on refractory overactive bladder treatments. A systematic literature review based on PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar was conducted in July 2020. Today, refractory overactive bladder treatment includes tibial nerve stimulation, whether percutaneously or transcutaneously, sacral neuromodulation, and botulinum toxin A detrusor injections. These conservative treatments have marginalized surgical treatments, which mainly involve supratrigonal cystectomy with augmentation cystoplasty. Several potential new treatments are being evaluated but can only be currently offered as part of clinical research protocols. "Conservative" treatments for refractory overactive bladder have been shown to be effective. Other treatments could enrich the treatment options.
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