Abstract
This perspective article explores some tensions in doctoral training systems. The last decade has seen a significant rise in the number of doctoral graduates around the world. While many seek an academic career, the number of opportunities for such careers has not grown. Hence, it has long been the case that in some countries most doctoral graduates have moved to careers beyond academia. This has created some tensions in the systems across the world. Four tensions are considered here, namely changing career prospects, the value of a postdoctoral experience, balancing research and innovation, and the freedom to be creative while considering the wider significance of research. The perspective is aimed at those responsible for policy and practice in doctoral training, as well as those conducting research in the field of doctoral education.
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