Abstract
Internalization is an important mechanism regulating the agonist-dependent responses of G-protein-coupled receptors. The internalization of the M(2) muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) in HEK293 cells has been demonstrated to occur by an unknown mechanism that is independent of arrestins and dynamin. In this study we examined various aspects of the trafficking of the M(2) mAChR in HEK293 cells to characterize this unknown pathway of internalization. Internalization of the M(2) mAChR was rapid and extensive, but prolonged incubation with agonist did not lead to appreciable down-regulation (a decrease in total receptor number) of the receptors. Recovery of M(2) mAChRs to the cell surface following agonist-mediated internalization was a very slow process that contained protein synthesis-dependent and -independent components. The protein synthesis-dependent component of the recovery of receptors to the cell surface did not appear to reflect a requirement for synthesis of new receptors, as no changes in total receptor number were observed either in the presence or absence of cycloheximide. Phosphorylation of the M(2) mAChR did not appear to influence the rate or extent of the recovery of receptors to the cell surface, as the recovery of a phosphorylation-deficient mutant M(2) mAChR, the N,C(Ala-8) mutant, was similar to the recovery of the wild type M(2) mAChR. Finally, the constitutive, nonagonist-dependent internalization and recycling of the M(2) mAChR was very slow and also contained protein synthesis-dependent and -independent components, suggesting that a similar pathway controls the recovery from agonist-dependent and -independent internalization. Overall, these data demonstrated a variety of previously unappreciated facets involved in the regulation of M(2) mAChRs.
Highlights
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)1 are heptahelical membrane receptors that mediate cellular responses to various stimuli such as hormones and neurotransmitters
Because the pathway of internalization of the M2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) in HEK293 cells differs from that of the 2AR [19], we sought to determine whether the M2 mAChR down regulates as the 2AR does or whether it differs from the 2AR in this aspect as well
This study presents new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of M2 mAChRs by the illdefined pathway that is responsible for the internalization of these receptors in HEK293 cells
Summary
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)1 are heptahelical membrane receptors that mediate cellular responses to various stimuli such as hormones and neurotransmitters. We observed that the recovery of M2 mAChRs to the cell surface following agonist treatment was a slow process that contained both protein synthesis-dependent and -independent components.
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