Traditional Natural Dyeing Materials Used in Greece from the 19th Century Onwards

Photocatalytic oxidation is one of the main factors leading to the aging damage of Chinese traditional dyes and pigments. In this study, in order to analyze the photoaging characteristics of traditional dyes and pigments commonly used in Chinese cultural relics in different environments, we used traditional Chinese painting pigments to make colored paper samples, and used traditional dye extraction and dyeing technology to make colored silk samples. By setting up nitrogen and atmospheric chamber and using LED, tungsten halogen lamp, metal halide lamp and fluorescent lamp as light sources, an accelerated photoaging contrast test on 16 kinds of dyes and pigments was carried out, and then the color difference of different samples in different light environment and atmosphere environment was obtained. Through systematic analysis, the results show that the type of light source and the gas environment will affect the photoaging rate of the samples. The nitrogen environment can significantly reduce the degree and speed of photoaging, especially for organic dyes and pigments.

This work provides new knowledge on natural yellows used in Iran. Seven biological sources were selected based on interviews with dye masters in Isfahan workshops (Iran). Delphinium semibarbatum, Eremostachys laevigata, Prangos ferulacea, Morus alba, Pistacia vera, Punica granatum, and Vitis vinifera are currently used in these workshops. Aiming to study the dye composition of wool samples dyed with the extracts of the selected biological sources, and the changes induced by the dyeing procedures in the original chemical composition of the plant extract, raw materials and dyed wool (by us and in the workshops) were analyzed by HPLC–DAD and UHPLC–HRMS/MS. In solutions extracted from the textiles, the main yellows for E. laevigata are luteolin-O-glycosides. In the other plant sources, the main chromophores are based on 3-O-glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. In pistachio hulls, myricitin derivatives were detected and we propose their use as markers. Generally, the solutions extracted from the wool displayed a higher amount of more polar compounds, but also a higher amount of aglycones. Importantly, the chromatographic profiles of the samples we prepared compared well with 17th c. yellows in Persian carpets, and therefore can be considered highly characterized references for the study of Persian yellows.

Utilising a multi-profile palynological approach and a rapid scanning technique, this paper examines whether or not cereal cultivation is representative of a medieval Icelandic farmstead’s social status; first as a correlate by confirming that cereals were grown in association with the archaeological features characteristic of high status and second, as an indicator in its own right through comparison with other datasets from inferred lower status farms in the same valley. The results suggest that medieval cereal cultivation in Mosfellsdalur was confined to the landholding of the Mosfell Estate. This is probably a direct consequence of the locale being settled early during Iceland’s colonisation and thereby allowing settlers there to secure the prime location in the valley for agriculture. The later abandonment of cereal cultivation on the Estate also appears to be linked to social circumstances in Mosfellsdalur c. ad 1200. An evaluation of other pollen studies and historical sources intimates a transition in cereal cultivation from inland toward coastal (and perhaps geothermal) sites in the mid-13th century, probably as a consequence of the onset of the Little Ice Age. These sites may also be linked with high status institutions. Despite this effort to adapt to altered climate conditions, cereal cultivation in Iceland is believed to have been completely abandoned by ad 1500. Overall, the temporal and spatial dynamics of cereal cultivation are shown to be complex, subject to both societal and environmental changes.

Social status - the standing of a person or group in the social hierarchy - is part and parcel of social life and a significant determinant of cognition and behavior. Status hierarchies are basis of virtually all human and primate societies and assign different roles and privileges to its members. However, the dynamic nature of social status and the underlying mechanisms in old age are not well understood. Therefore, this symposium addresses questions of how social status is influenced by aging-related changes in roles, life events, self-concept, and images of aging and how social status shapes in response personality, subjective age, prosocial behavior, performance, and well-being in old age. Bellingtier and colleagues examined objective and subjective social status and their connections to subjective age, attitudes towards aging, and awareness of age-related changes. Zhang shows paradoxical association between aging stereotypes and prosocial behaviors toward older adults. Barber and Hamel investigated how stereotypes of reduced physical competence in old age affect the gait performance on easy and difficult tasks. Weiss and colleagues take a cross-cultural perspective on the different sources of social status in China, Germany, and the US showing that generations in contrast to age groups represent a source of high social status in later life. Finally, Kornadt investigates the dynamic interplay of changes in social roles and personality in old age. Together, these presentations enlarge our understanding of the dynamics of social status in old age.

A less water dyeing system using non‐aqueous medium as dyeing medium shows promising application potential due to its environmentally friendly and efficient dyeing processes, achieving high dyeing and fixation percentage of 100% and 90%, respectively. While previous studies have focused on the dyeing procedures and mechanisms of cotton dyeing in non‐aqueous medium, there has been limited research on colour matching between reactive dyes. This study investigates the matching performance of the representative dyes C.I. Reactive Red 195 and C.I. Reactive Blue 19 in a novel non‐aqueous dyeing system, and compares their effectiveness to that of traditional aqueous dyeing systems. The building up power of reactive dyes in different dyeing bath was studied, as well as the influence of compounding ratio and fixing temperature on dyeing performance. The results reveal that reactive dyes exhibit better building up properties in non‐aqueous medium compared to traditional water bath. The colour change and matching of the reactive dyes was different between non‐aqueous medium and water bath, showing noticeable variations in fixation percentage. Notably, when the ratio between Reactive Red 195 and Reactive Blue 19 was 1:1, the absorption wavelength of the blend dye in the non‐aqueous medium remained stable with increasing fixation temperature, while a redshift occurred in the water bath. Overall, the colour matching performance of reactive dyes in the less water dyeing system using a non‐aqueous medium is impressive, suggesting significant potential for further development in sustainable dyeing technology.

This article investigates: (a) how social status influences diabetes prevalence and incidence; (b) how risky health behaviors contribute to the prediction of incident diabetes; (c) if the effects of health behaviors mediate the effects of social status on incident diabetes; and (d) if these effects differ in midlife and older age. We examined nationally representative data from the 1992/1993-1998 panels of the Health and Retirement Study for middle-aged and older adults using logistic regression analyses. The odds of prevalent diabetes were higher for people of older age, men, Black adults, and Latino adults. Higher early-life social status (e.g., parental schooling) and achieved social status (e.g., respondent schooling, economic resources) reduced the odds in both age groups. We observed similar patterns for incident diabetes in midlife but not in older age. Risky health behaviors--particularly obesity--increased the odds of incident diabetes in both age groups independent of social status. The increased odds of incident diabetes in midlife persisted for Black and Latino adults net of other social status factors. Risky health behaviors are key predictors of incident diabetes in both age groups. Economic resources also play an important protective role in incident diabetes in midlife but not in older age.

Tuberculosis in medieval Iceland: evidence from Hofstaðir, Keldudalur and Skeljastaðir.

The PhD thesis explores what “growing into old age” means for women and men in coastal Tanzania and with whom older people engage in order to ensure care. It responds to a call for more medical anthropology research on care rather than cure and contributes to a small but growing body of ethnographic literature on ageing in Africa.
\nMy study formed part of a larger research project with a rural and urban component. I was responsible for the rural component and conducted field research from 2009 to 2011 in the Rufiji District, more precisely in Ikwe Town and Bumba village. Following the comparative qualitative design of the overall research project, I carried out four complementary and partly overlapping sub-studies, moving from a stakeholder study, to a community study, a household study and finally an age group study. By selecting these two settlements, I wanted to find out whether differences in the types and location of the villages affected the older people’s lived experience of ageing, health and care.
\nA first finding is that older people in both research sites share a multi-dimensional concept of aging which is rooted in a similar way of life, dominated by the physically demanding tasks of farm work. Age was commonly assessed along six social dimensions: 1) the relative position of juniority/seniority along the life course; 2) the social status; 3) the kinship position; 4) the generational position, 5) the health status; and 6) work and leisure. Of critical importance for the (self-)assessment of old age was the link between the 5th and 6th dimensions, i.e. whether one has or does not have the strength to perform gendered routine activities and responsibilities.
\nWith regard to care, I found that older men and women in both research sites actively engage with a flexible, dynamic and often only partly visible care network. At the center of this network are socially close kin members, especially spouses, siblings, and children, whether they live nearby or at a geographical distance. Kinship and gender intersected in defining who could provide which type of care. When these relatives are not present or when they require some practical but not intimate or basic livelihood care, the older people negotiate help with neighbours, and in Ikwe Town also with friends and tenants. A notable exception is the majosti-relationship between older women in Ikwe which allowed a closeness otherwise reserved for kin.
\nIn both villages, few older people with a serious health problem had a biomedical diagnosis, and more older people in Ikwe Town than in Bumba had contact with professional health care providers. Older people experienced the lack of adequate professional health care services in old age care not just as a practical, technical or financial problem. They questioned the new morality of commodity relations which have begun to replace social relations rooted in kinship and religion.
\nMost of the older persons who participated in this study faced good and bad days in terms of strength. I often became concerned when I saw them struggle but I also learnt to respect their pride and dignity. Older husbands were proud that they could still provide emotional care and company, and the wives and sisters who stayed with them did their best to provide at least some basic care. Older women who had lost their husband due to separation, divorce or death preferred to have a daughter move in with them, but they pointed out that their children also had to fulfil commitments to their own families. The dwellings and material belongings of many older people in both settlements were often modest, also by local standards. Still, they did not complain and emphasized that they were used to a harsh life since childhood.

Symbiotic relationships occur on a spectrum from mutualistic to parasitic. Parasitism— where one organism benefits greatly and the other is potentially harmed—is the most common type of symbiosis found throughout the tree of life. Most of the well-studied parasites have detrimental impacts on agriculture and human health as the causative agents of disease. However, these pathogens do not represent the diversity of parasitism. Most eukaryotic parasites have a photosynthetic ancestry but lost the ability to carry out photosynthesis at some point in their transition to parasitism. These parasites have undergone significant morphological and genomic changes as a result of their parasitism—evolving mechanisms to enter host cells, genes to evade host defenses, and losing redundant pathways. But parasitic red algae are not like other parasites. Similar to other formerly photosynthetic parasites, they are diminished in size and have reduced or entirely lost pigmentation. However, their mechanism for entering host cells and close relationship to their host makes them unique among parasites. Red algal parasites and their hosts are members of the red algal class Florideophyceae, which is characterized by the presence of pit connections—cytoplasmic connections between cells. The success and diversity of red algal parasites may be due to the pre-existing mechanisms that facilitates their entry into host cells. The majority of red algal parasites are categorized as neoplastic parasites and infect a free-living red algal host within the same genus or a neighboring one. Even the more distantly related archaeplastic parasites infect a host in the same family. This close relationship has enabled direct comparisons between host and parasite to examine the effects of parasitism—overcoming a major challenge to studying parasite evolution. Since their discovery in the mid-19th century, red algal parasite research has mainly been focused on the morphology of reproductively mature parasites and placing them phylogenetically. This dissertation aimed to address the gaps in understanding the evolutionary relationships between red algal parasite and their hosts, parasite development, and the host response to infection. Chapter two focused on unraveling the phylogenetic relationships between members of the red algal parasitic genus Asterocolax and their hosts. Asterocolax is a parasitic genus, housing red algal parasites that infect host species in the Phycodrys group. Morphologically, these parasites are highly similar, but molecular data has shown their repeated independent evolution. Phylogenetically, Asterocolax species, and potentially many other parasites, resolve not within Asterocolax, but within the genera of free-living red algae, often the same

The phenomenon of population aging is becoming a major concern of the world. India's older populations will increase dramatically over the next four decades. The policy of India defines senior citizens or elderly as a person who is aged 60 years or above. Older people have main two problems i.e. Social status and Health. As a social scientist, it is interesting to know about the social status and health of old people. This paper is an empirical survey of 60-70 years old people of Ahmedabad. The main objectives of this paper are to know the primary information of aged people, their social and health status, and problems related to social status and health. The purposive sample of 250 old people was selected from different parts of Ahmedabad. The interview schedule was designed as a tool for data collection. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the situational analysis of the old population of India and the sociological concept of Ageing. The second part is on methodology. The third part consists of data analysis and discussion of the survey and the final part is on findings and suggestions. The study reveals that till today most of the old people have lived in a joint family. Some have lost their partners. They depend on their children for a living. They spend their leisure time in various activities. Most of the respondents' health is good; their health problems are related with age. They feel the loss of status in a social group. The study makes some recommendations for corrective action

Amitav Ghosh and Rohinton Mistry are renowned Indian-born authors who have made significant contributions to contemporary literature through their novels. Their works explore a wide range of themes, including colonialism, migration, identity, and politics. One prominent aspect of their writing is the depiction of political identity, which is influenced by various factors such as personal experiences, social status, and historical context. This research paper aims to conduct a comparative study of the portrayal of political identity in the novels of Amitav Ghosh and Rohinton Mistry. The paper will examine selected works from both authors, with a focus on Ghosh's "The Shadow Lines" and Mistry's "A Fine Balance". Through a close analysis of the characters, settings, and plotlines in these novels, the paper will explore how the authors depict political identity in the context of colonialism, post-colonialism, and socio-political events in India. The paper will utilize a combination of literary analysis and socio-political theories to examine how Ghosh and Mistry construct the political identities of their characters. It will investigate how the characters' political identities are shaped by their personal experiences, social backgrounds, and historical circumstances, and how these identities interact with other aspects of their lives, such as their cultural, regional, and gender identities. The paper will also explore how the authors highlight the complexities and nuances of political identity, including the tensions between individual agency and structural constraints, as well as the intersections of various forms of oppression and discrimination. The findings of this research will contribute to the understanding of how political identity is portrayed in contemporary Indian literature and shed light on the works of Ghosh and Mistry as important literary voices in this context. The paper will highlight the similarities and differences in the depiction of political identity in the novels of these two authors, providing insights into their unique perspectives on issues such as colonialism, migration, identity, and politics in India. Overall, this research aims to enrich the discourse on political identity in literature and provide a deeper understanding of the works of Ghosh and Mistry in the socio-political context of India.

Mortality crossovers at older ages have been observed when comparing different populations, particularly disadvantaged populations with advantaged populations. A growing body of research indicates that mortality convergences to actual crossovers are real and not a result of overstating of age at the older ages. Only recently have the mortality experiences of Native Americans been compared with those of other Americans; specific Native American tribal populations have not been examined, however. Presented here are the mortality experiences of the Navajo and those of the total U.S. population and U.S. white population since the mid-20th century. Comparison provides further support to findings that convergences and crossovers actually occur between disadvantaged and advantaged populations.

Among the attractions of social epidemiology (or social medicine—call it what you will) is the opportunity for medicine and social science to collaborate. An inspiration in this respect is the example set in the mid-20th century by Richard Titmuss and Jerry Morris, 1 who arguably established this sub-discipline. Collaborations such as that between Titmuss and Morris are required if we wish to explain the social patterning of health and disease in terms of processes that are plausible both socially and biologically. The work is most creative when each half of the collaboration respects and acquires elementary knowledge of the other discipline; something that often is not achieved. A contemporary example of sub-optimal collaboration is the continued use by social epidemiologists of the term ‘socioeconomic status’—a thought prompted by the otherwise excellent paper by Ball and Mishra 2 published in this issue of the International Journal of Epidemiology. As first pointed out by Kreiger et al., 3 the term socioeconomic status (SES) often has been used in an inconsistent manner and to mean different things. Usually three dimensions of social inequality are being referred to by SES: social class; social status; and material circumstances (indexed as income or some other measure of living standards). In sociological theory, social class refers to the position of the individual’s occupation in the structure of employment relations and conditions. Thus, a selfemployed person belongs to a different class from that of an employee; and the employee’s social class, in turn, depends on whether the employee is a supervisor, a manager, or a routine worker. Social status, in contrast, refers to a hierarchy of prestige or the social honour accorded to an individual. This may be determined by the individual’s occupation but also may depend on a range of other factors, which reflect culture and history, such as gender, ancestry, race, or religion. Someone may be an employee with no managerial power yet have high status owing to membership of the clergy. In Hindu culture, a person belonging to a family descended from a priestly caste will be accorded high status, regardless of their present-day occupation; as may a person descended from a large land-owning family in several Christian cultures. Confusion between these different forms of social inequality may have arisen during the Cold War, when use of the term social class alarmed some academics, but the end of the Cold War hopefully has removed the need for such caution. Following Kreiger et al., the term ‘socioeconomic position’ has been adopted increasingly as the most general term, encompassing all the various dimensions of inequality, keeping the terms social status and social class to describe two specific forms. For some decades now, social scientists have advocated an approach to measuring social position that is theoretically grounded and capable of empirical validation; the former being a precondition of the latter. Particularly influential, in their different ways, have been two British groups: the Oxford group of Goldthorpe, Heath, and Marshall 4 ; and the Cambridge group of Stewart, Prandy, and Blackburn. 5 The work of the Oxford group has led to the new National Statistics SocioEconomic Classification (NS-SEC), 6,7 which in UK government statistics has replaced the Registrar General’s social classes; and that of the Cambridge group has given us the Cambridge Social Interaction and Stratification Scale (CAMSIS). 8 These measures are theoretically based, in the sense that each is explicit about which socioeconomic parameter they intend to measure—social class expressed through employment relations in the case of NSSEC; and general social and material advantage as expressed through shared lifestyle in the case of the Cambridge scale. As they have a clear conceptual basis, it is possible to carry out empirical validation of the measures. An occupation’s location within the NS-SEC, for example, predicts the availability of a career structure and the possibilities for promotion for those working in that occupation, autonomy over the pace and content of work and forms of pay such as an hourly wage or monthly salary. 6

Introduction: The increasing number of the elderly is worrying. It is a concern in public health issues. The elderly have higher susceptibility to chronic diseases. Aims: To identify the factors affecting inpatient care utilization among the elderly population in Indonesia. Methods: Data from the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey were used, representing 83% of the Indonesian population. Additionally, Andersen’s theory of healthcare service utilization model was applied. This study applied a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 5,325 respondents 60 years in age or older. The chi-square test and multivariate analysis using a multiple logistic regression test were used to analyze the data. Result: This study found 222 of its respondents utilized inpatient care (4.2%). The characteristics that had a significant correlation with the utilization of inpatient care were women, middle-school education, high education, Sumatera region, urban area, health insurance ownership, low economy status, middle economy status, high economy status, very high economy status, sick perception, smoking habit and obesity. Conclusion: The most dominant predictor was the high economy status. The health-insured elderly are able to receive inpatient care without bearing the financial burden. The government should provide health insurance for the elderly in Indonesia.

This review presents the effect of metal nanoparticles in the process of dyeing textile fibers with traditional dyes on color change, color stability and biocidal potentials. The latest achievements in the use of metal nanoparticles as new classes of dyes and antimicrobial agents, and their influence on the calorimetric and antibacterial characteristics of various textile materials are also presented. New approaches to the functionalization of textile materials by methods of green synthesis of LF of various metals using plant extracts are proposed. The use of plant extracts for the manufacture of metal nanoparticles is simple, convenient, inexpensive, easily scalable, less energy-intensive, environmentally friendly, minimizes the use of unsafe materials and maximizes the efficiency of the process. LF-Ag processing enhances the color reproduction of materials, as well as improves resistance to light and washing, which suggests that these methods can overcome the limitations of traditional dyeing processes.