Abstract
BackgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is being recognized as a non-communicable disease (NCD) with high morbidity and mortality. In countries like Tanzania, people access many sources, including traditional medicines, to meet their healthcare needs for NCDs, but little is known about traditional medicine practices among people with CKD. Therefore, we sought to characterize these practices among community members with CKD in northern Tanzania.MethodsBetween December 2013 and June 2014, we administered a previously-developed survey to a random sample of adult community-members from the Kilimanjaro Region; the survey was designed to measure traditional medicine practices such as types, frequencies, reasons, and modes. Participants were also tested for CKD, diabetes, hypertension, and HIV as part of the CKD-AFRiKA study. To identify traditional medicines used in the local treatment of kidney disease, we reviewed the qualitative sessions which had previously been conducted with key informants.ResultsWe enrolled 481 adults of whom 57 (11.9 %) had CKD. The prevalence of traditional medicine use among adults with CKD was 70.3 % (95 % CI 50.0–84.9 %), and among those at risk for CKD (n = 147; 30.6 %), it was 49.0 % (95 % CI 33.1–65.0 %). Among adults with CKD, the prevalence of concurrent use of traditional medicine and biomedicine was 33.2 % (11.4–65.6 %). Symptomatic ailments (66.7 %; 95 % CI 17.3–54.3), malaria/febrile illnesses (64.0 %; 95 % CI 44.1–79.9), and chronic diseases (49.6 %; 95 % CI 28.6–70.6) were the most prevalent uses for traditional medicines. We identified five plant–based traditional medicines used for the treatment of kidney disease: Aloe vera, Commifora africana, Cymbopogon citrullus, Persea americana, and Zanthoxylum chalybeum.ConclusionsThe prevalence of traditional medicine use is high among adults with and at risk for CKD in northern Tanzania where they use them for a variety of conditions including other NCDs. Additionally, many of these same people access biomedicine and traditional medicines concurrently. The traditional medicines used for the local treatment of kidney disease have a variety of activities, and people with CKD may be particularly vulnerable to adverse effects. Recognizing these traditional medicine practices will be important in shaping CKD treatment programs and public health policies aimed at addressing CKD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-015-0161-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
In sub-Saharan Africa, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is being recognized as a non-communicable disease (NCD) with high morbidity and mortality
We considered diabetes to be poorly controlled if the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was ≥7.0 % with or without biomedical therapy; we considered hypertension to be poorly controlled if the blood pressure was ≥140/90 mmHg on two-time average or ≥160/100 mmHg on one-time measurement
The median age of CKD participants was 45 years (IQR: 35–59), and many reported a history of hypertension (n = 25; 44 %), diabetes (n = 17; 30 %), heart disease (n = 6; 11 %) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (n = 6; 11 %)
Summary
In sub-Saharan Africa, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is being recognized as a non-communicable disease (NCD) with high morbidity and mortality. In countries like Tanzania, people access many sources, including traditional medicines, to meet their healthcare needs for NCDs, but little is known about traditional medicine practices among people with CKD. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing burden in sub-Saharan Africa with significant and disproportionate morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Among the NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is being recognized as a disease with a high prevalence and high morbidity and mortality [3]. In similar sub-Saharan African settings, TMs have been associated with acute and chronic kidney injury, and their use may positively or negatively impact the effectiveness of interventions geared toward CKD [5,6,7]. Characterization of TM use and practices is an important step in formulating disease management programs as well as informing optimal public health efforts aimed at addressing the significant regional CKD burden
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