Abstract
Abstract “Emerging technologies” and the growing inventory of their dual-use applications increasingly challenge policymakers with how to balance technological development, economic competitiveness, and national security priorities. While dual-use export control regulators have always struggled with balancing economic and security interests, emerging technologies are challenging controls systems ill-equipped to define or practically control them. As the most advanced case, the US export control effort is an instructive regarding the challenges of deploying conventional controls over defining and controlling rapidly developing technology sets. This article reviews the US case in light of the current challenges posed by emerging and foundational technologies.
Highlights
“Emerging technologies” and the growing inventory of their dual-use applications increasingly challenge policymakers with how to balance technological development, economic competitiveness, and national security priorities
The security implications of emerging technologies are based on their dual-use nature.[2]
Via free access jones in the various multilateral export control regimes about whether to introduce separate, specific controls on, for example, feedstock for am machines or controls on technology transfer, regime members have not adopted new controls. These two examples highlight the difficulty with introducing new controls on “emerging technologies” in both the national and multilateral context. This issue is key to consider in more depth as the dilemma of controlling technologies whose military end-use is uncertain, nor security threat and risk clearly established, contends with the very concept of “threat” and “security”—concepts that are at the crux of why certain materials, equipment, and technology are controlled at the multilateral level to begin with
Summary
“Emerging technologies” and the growing inventory of their dual-use applications increasingly challenge policymakers with how to balance technological development, economic competitiveness, and national security priorities. Policy tools such as export controls, investment controls, private sector engagement, and government sanctions seek to manage the risks and threats posed by emerging technologies. 10 See, for example, Kolja Brockmann and Robert Kelley, The Challenge of Emerging Technologies to Non-Proliferation Efforts: Controlling Additive Manufacturing and Intangible Transfers of Technology, sipri Research Paper, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (sipri), April 2018 and “Securitizing trade and investment: franchising cfius,” Trade Security Journal, Issue 6, March 2018.
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