Abstract
Eradicating HIV-1 infection is difficult because of the reservoir of latently infected cells that gets established soon after infection, remains hidden from antiretroviral drugs and host immune responses, and retains the capacity to reignite infection following the cessation of treatment. Drugs called latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are being developed to reactivate latently infected cells and render them susceptible to viral cytopathicity or immune killing. Whereas individual LRAs have failed to induce adequate reactivation, pairs of LRAs have been identified recently that act synergistically and hugely increase reactivation levels compared to individual LRAs. The maximum synergy achievable with LRA pairs is of clinical importance, as it would allow latency-reversal with minimal drug exposure. Here, we employed stochastic simulations of HIV-1 transcription and translation in latently infected cells to estimate this maximum synergy. We incorporated the predominant mechanisms of action of the two most promising classes of LRAs, namely, protein kinase C agonists and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and quantified the activity of individual LRAs in the two classes by mapping our simulations to corresponding in vitro experiments. Without any adjustable parameters, our simulations then quantitatively captured experimental observations of latency-reversal when the LRAs were used in pairs. Performing simulations representing a wide range of drug concentrations, we estimated the maximum synergy achievable with these LRA pairs. Importantly, we found with all the LRA pairs we considered that concentrations yielding the maximum synergy did not yield the maximum latency-reversal. Increasing concentrations to increase latency-reversal compromised synergy, unravelling a trade-off between synergy and efficacy in LRA combinations. The maximum synergy realizable with LRA pairs would thus be restricted by the desired level of latency-reversal, a constrained optimum we elucidated with our simulations. We expect this trade-off to be important in defining optimal LRA combinations that would maximize synergy while ensuring adequate latency-reversal.
Highlights
Combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection can suppress the viral load in infected individuals to below the detection limit but is unable to eradicate the virus [1]
HIV-1 infection typically requires lifelong treatment because a class of infected cells called latently infected cells remains hidden from drugs and host immune responses and can reignite infection when treatment is stopped
The most advanced of the strategies developed for this purpose involves using drugs called latency-reversing agents (LRAs), which reactivate latently infected cells, effectively bringing them out of their hiding
Summary
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV-1 infection can suppress the viral load in infected individuals to below the detection limit but is unable to eradicate the virus [1]. The key obstacle to achieving sterilizing cure is the presence of a reservoir of long-lived latently infected cells that cannot be eliminated by cART [2] and can reignite infection upon the cessation of therapy [3]. Infected cells harbor replication-competent integrated HIV-1 genomes that remain transcriptionally silent, escaping the action of antiretroviral drugs and immune recognition [4]. Cells in the reservoir are thought to be activated stochastically [7] and can reignite infection often within weeks [8] but sometimes years after the cessation of therapy [9], necessitating lifelong therapy. Significant efforts are ongoing, to quantify the size of the reservoir, define the type and location of cells constituting it, and devise ways of eliminating it [10, 11]
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