Tracking a spin-polarized superconducting bound state across a quantum phase transition

Abstract

The magnetic exchange coupling between magnetic impurities and a superconductor induce so-called Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states which undergo a quantum phase transition (QPT) upon increasing the exchange interaction beyond a critical value. While the evolution through the QPT is readily observable, in particular if the YSR state features an electron-hole asymmetry, the concomitant change in the ground state is more difficult to identify. We use ultralow temperature scanning tunneling microscopy to demonstrate how the change in the YSR ground state across the QPT can be directly observed for a spin-1/2 impurity in a magnetic field. The excitation spectrum changes from featuring two peaks in the doublet (free spin) state to four peaks in the singlet (screened spin) ground state. We also identify a transition regime, where the YSR excitation energy is smaller than the Zeeman energy. We thus demonstrate a straightforward way for unambiguously identifying the ground state of a spin-1/2 YSR state.