Track analysis of the North and Central American species of thePantomorus–Naupactuscomplex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract

We undertook a panbiogeographic analysis of the broad-nosed weevils of the genera Naupactus Dejean, 1821, Pantomorus Schonherr, 1840 and Phacepholis Horn, 1876 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from North and Central America to propose a biogeographic scenario to explain their biotic diversification. Based on individual tracks of 30 species, we obtained six generalized tracks: Mesoamerican, Chiapas, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexican Pacific Coast, Southern Great Plains and Northern Great Plains tracks. The Sierra Madre del Sur generalized track is the best supported, based on 10 species of the three genera. We found two nodes, one at the intersection of the Mesoamerican and Chiapas tracks, and another at the intersection of the Chiapas and Sierra Madre del Sur tracks. Species of Naupactus are primarily distributed in lowlands, associated mostly with dry forests and xeric environments. Species of Pantomorus and Phacepholis would have diversified from South American Naupactus- like ancestors, mainly in montane habitats and lowlands of North and Central America, between sea level to about 2500 m of altitude.