Tracing radioactive cesium in stem wood of three Japanese conifer species 3\xa0years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

Shinta Ohashi,Takeshi Fujiwara,Katsushi Kuroda,Tsutomu Takano

doi:10.1186/s10086-020-01891-2

Shinta Ohashi, Takeshi Fujiwara + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-020-01891-2

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Abstract

To understand the dynamics of accident-derived radioactive cesium (137Cs) in stem wood that had a substantial amount of heartwood at the time of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, the radial and vertical distributions of 137Cs activity concentration in stem wood of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), and larch (Larix kaempferi) were investigated. In addition, the natural distribution of stable cesium (133Cs), rubidium (85Rb), and potassium (39K) concentrations was analyzed to determine the characteristics of 137Cs distribution. Wood disks were collected from the tree stems of six cedars, three cypresses, and two larches at multiple heights in 2014, and the concentrations were measured every 2 cm in the radial direction. 137Cs distribution in stem wood differed among tree species, sampling site, and vertical position of the stem within a tree. Statistical analyses suggested that the radial distribution of 137Cs within the heartwood can be explained by the heartwood moisture content and the distance from the treetop, regardless of species, while the distribution between sapwood and heartwood was dependent on the heartwood cross-sectional area and was additionally different between larch and other species. Similarly, the heartwood/sapwood concentration ratios of stable alkali metals differed between larch and the other species. In the larch, the ratio was ca. 0.5 for all elements, but the ratio was over 1.0 and differed among elements in the other species. Consequently, the species-specific difference in the distribution of 137Cs between sapwood and heartwood was considered to be due to different activity levels of radial transport toward the heartwood. The radial variation pattern of the 137Cs/133Cs concentration ratio showed that less 137Cs was transferred to the inner heartwood compared with the 133Cs distribution pattern in many trees; however, there was also a tree in which 137Cs was excessively transferred to the inner heartwood compared with the 133Cs distribution pattern. Such patterns may result from a combination of significant foliar uptake of 137Cs and poor root uptake after the accident, in addition to the high moisture content of the heartwood.

Highlights

Radioactive cesium (137Cs) dispersed into the atmosphere by a nuclear weapon test or power plant accident is transferred into trees mainly by two pathways, namely, foliar uptake and root uptake [1, 2]
Radioactive cesium (137Cs) The radial distribution of 137Cs activity concentration in stem wood varied among species, and among trees of the same species collected from different sites and among vertical positions of the stem within tree (Fig. 2)
In mature trees that had a substantial amount of heartwood at the time of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in 2011, the vertical distribution of 137Cs activity concentration in the sapwood was relatively uniform for all species, while the vertical and radial distributions in the heartwood were heterogeneous as of 2014, and the radial distribution pattern varied among species, individuals, and vertical positions within individuals

Summary

Introduction

Radioactive cesium (137Cs) dispersed into the atmosphere by a nuclear weapon test or power plant accident is transferred into trees mainly by two pathways, namely, foliar uptake and root uptake [1, 2]. As with other alkali metals (e.g., K and Rb), Cs absorbed from the surface of foliage can be translocated to tree stems via the phloem (inner bark) [8] and partly transported to the sapwood via the rays [9]. Cs can be redistributed widely by transport via the axial and ray parenchyma cells and by diffusion in free water [10,11,12]. The transfer processes of alkali metals from sapwood to heartwood are not fully understood, many studies have observed accident-derived 137Cs in the heartwood [e.g., 13, 14], and an experimental study suggested the possibility of active transport via ray parenchyma cells and diffusion in the cell walls of the intermediate wood (the transition zone between sapwood and heartwood) [11, 12]. Within the heartwood, because there are no living cells, alkali metals transfer by diffusion in free water, which is generally less available in the heartwood than in the sapwood

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