Tracing polar benzene- and naphthalenesulfonates in untreated industrial effluents and water treatment works by ion-pair chromatography-fluorescence and electrospray-mass spectrometry

Abstract

This paper presents a protocol for the determination of a class of polar, ionic and highly water-soluble organic pollutants: benzene- and naphthalenesulfonic acids, compounds widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, tannery, paper and textile industries. This protocol involves the use of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by ion-pair chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry (IPC-ESI-MS). In this work two polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridges (Isolute ENV+ and Lichrolut EN) were compared, with the more effective being Isolute ENV+ sorbent. Recoveries and breakthrough volumes were calculated by loading volumes of 150, 200 and 300 ml of spiked ground water through the SPE columns. To enhance the effectiveness of the methodology, 1 ml of water containing 5 mM TEA was added before eluting with methanol. Average recoveries ranging from 70 to 100% were obtained for a variety of 13 analytes (only two naphthalenesulfonate compounds had recoveries below 50%.). Determination of benzene- and naphthalenesulfonates was accomplished by ion-pair chromatography-fluorescence detection (IPC-FLD). The ESI-MS parameters were optimized to achieve maximum sensitivity. [M–H] − ion was the base peak using low energies (fragmentor voltage: 80 V). Significant fragmentation of the quasi-molecular [M–H] − ion occurs at higher fragmentor voltages, leading to [M–SO 2H] −, [M–SO 3H] − and [SO 3] − as diagnostic ions, but with some sensitivity losses (more than two orders of magnitude when 150 V are applied as fragmentor voltage). Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the parent ions for the benzene- and naphthalenesulfonates studied gave the [SO 3] − fragment ion common to sulfonated compounds, it has been shown to be characteristic of aromatic sulfonated compounds and could be used as a diagnostic tool to indicate the presence of these compounds. Limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) ranging from 0.03 pg to 0.05 ng, were achieved when 150 ml of ground water were processed and quantified by IPC-FLD. In IPC-ESI-MS, time-scheduled SIM mode with post-column addition of 0.2 m min −1 of methanol was used. LODs range from 0.6 pg to 0.13 ng. In summary, with the development of a methodology based on SPE followed by IPC-ESI-MS, good sensitivity, structural information and unequivocal identification can be achieved. This protocol was applied to the analysis of surface waters, untreated industrial waste waters and wastewater treatment works effluents and influents. In the case of tannery effluent samples, isomers of naphthalenesulfonic acid were found as major pollutants in concentrations up to 0.8 and 1.0 mg l −1, for 1-naphthalenesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate, respectively. The main contaminants in wastewater treatment work samples were 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate, 1-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalenedisulfonate, 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate, 1-naphthalenesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate, with levels of ug/l.