Abstract
The identification of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–N) origin is important in the control of surface and ground water quality. These are the main sources of available drinking water. Stable isotopes (15N and 18O) for NO3–N and along with a 1-D reactive transport model were used to study the origin and processes that lead to nitrogen transformation and loss in a major stream that flows into a reservoir within an intensively cultivated catchment area (352 km2) in Alentejo-Portugal. Seasonal water samples (October–November 2008, March 2009 and September 2009) of stream surface water, wells and sediment pore water were collected. The results showed consistently increasing isotope values and decreasing NO3–N concentrations downstream. During winter (wet period, November 2008 and March 2009) slightly higher NO3–N concentrations were found in comparison to early fall (dry period: October 2008) and summer (dry period: September 2009). Isotopic composition of 15N and 18O values in surface water samples from the stream and wells indicated that the dominant NO3–N sources were derived mainly from the soil and fertilizers. There was also significant nitrification in surface water at the head of the stream. Sediment pore waters showed high NO3–N values near the sediment-water interface (reaching 25 mg·N·L−1) and NO3–N concentrations sharply decreasing with sediment depth, suggesting significant NO3–N consumption. Denitrification was also detected using the 15N signature in upstream waters, but not downstream where very low NO3–N levels were measured. In the stream, the calculated isotopic enrichment factor for NO3–N was −2.9‰ for 15N and −1.78 for 18O, this indicates that denitrification accounts for 7.8% to 48% of nitrate removal.
Highlights
Recent studies suggest that the nitrogen (N) cycle is the most rapidly changing biogeochemical element and that the excessive use of reactive N in the environment is the third most important problem globally, after biodiversity loss and climate change [1,2]
We studied the nitrogen sources and transformations in the upper 15 kilometres of Chaminé stream, flowing through an area of intensive agricultural activity, based on concentration, stable stream, flowing through an area of intensive agricultural activity, based on concentration, stable isotopic composition data and reactive transport modelling
The modelling was included to assess the consistency of the observed data and to evaluate the impact of along‐stream transport compared the consistency of the observed data and to evaluate the impact of along-stream transport compared to biogeochemical transformations, while the stable isotopes were used to identify origin and main to biogeochemical transformations, while the stable isotopes were used to identify origin and main processes in the stream water
Summary
Recent studies suggest that the nitrogen (N) cycle is the most rapidly changing biogeochemical element and that the excessive use of reactive N in the environment is the third most important problem globally, after biodiversity loss and climate change [1,2]. One of the challenges concerning excess reactive N in the environment is a lack of understanding regarding the catchment scale of N removal, including the nutrient dynamics and their implications within different terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems [3,4,5,6]. An excess of reactive N in different environments can negatively impact water quality and cause an increase in the transfer of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere [7]. Streams impacted by agriculture may receive high levels of reactive N (i.e., nitrate, ammonium, organic nitrogen) from the land. When moist agricultural soils are fertilized, rapid increases in N cycling may. Water 2016, 8, 385 occur, creating excessive N availability and enhancing the potential for nitrogen loss to streams [8].
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