Tracer‐aided modelling reveals quick runoff generation and young streamflow ages in a tropical rainforest catchment

Abstract

AbstractThere is still limited understanding of where stream water originates, their flow paths, how water sources mix, and for how long water transits montane tropical catchments. Here, we used a simple gamma convolution integral model (GM), ensemble hydrograph separation (EHS) and a tracer‐aided model (TAM) to assess runoff generation, mixing processes and water ages in the pristine tropical rainforest Quebrada Grande catchment in Costa Rica. Model simulations are based on a four‐year record (2016–2019) of continuous hydrometric and stable isotope observations. Comparative model tests included multi‐objective calibration (2017–2019) and validation (2016) using stream discharge and isotope data as well as an independent model evaluation using groundwater and soil water isotope data. GM and TAM agreed on the dominance of young water in streamflow that was less than 95 days old for 75% of the study period. The EHS suggested a young water fraction threshold of 12 ± 2 days with a transit time distribution that approximates the best‐fit GM. These short water ages are the result of high annual rainfall even during drier years such as 2019 with 4300 mm/a and consistent quick near‐surface runoff generation with limited mixing. A supra‐regional loss (~55%) of likely older groundwater was detected. The TAM‐based hydrograph separation (streamflow KGE > 0.78, δ2H KGE > 0.90) suggested an average near‐surface water contribution of more than 60% to streamflow emphasizing the dominance of quick flow paths. This tropical rainforest represents one of the quickest streamflow responses of mostly young water of pristine catchments globally.