Abstract
Lake Caviahue, in Patagonia (Argentina), is a very acid water body (Patagonia, Argentina) due to the influx of volcanic fluids. Over the past 18 years, the lake has been progressively alkalinizing and pH is close to the ferric iron precipitation threshold (pH>3,0). Should iron precipitate, wáter and sediment composition will be altered. To set a baseline, trace metal partitioning (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn and Mn) was studied for three sediment cores (0 to 16 cm depth) at three sampling stations using a sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and the acid volatile sulfide/simultaneously extracted metals (AVS/SEM) protocol. The total metals content of the sediments ranged between 0 to 408 μg g-1 of dry sediment, with Pb>Cr>Mn>Cu>Zn>Cd. No Cd was measured above the limit of detection. The sediment was richest in Mn and Cr, two non-toxic metals at the pH / Eh combination of the lake basin. Total Pb was at a moderate contamination level although it is associated with the most recalcitrant fraction and therefore has low mobility. The sediment fractions with higher metal content were the oxidizable and residual, the former commonly associated with labile organic matter and pyrite while the latter are related to recalcitrant organic matter and rock forming minerals. In addition, a high correlation was found between Cr, Pb and Mn,thus these metals may be subject to analogous precipitation processes and possibly to co-variation in the volcano effluents. Furthermore, no metals were detected in the exchangeable/carbonates fraction, which is the most labile of all the sediment fractions. The metal content in (SEM) was likewise below the toxicity thresholds of two international sediment quality guidelines and the ratio AVS/SEM was over one, indicative of non-toxicity. Both results indicate that metal mobility in the acidic sediments of lake Caviahue is very low.
Highlights
The effects of anthropogenically induced acidification of surface water bodies have been extensively studied (Dillon et al, 1984; Geller et al, 1998)
These authors found that the sediment cores in northern arm (NA) y southern arm (SA) sampling stations were dominated mainly by medium to coarse texture fractions (20 to 250 μm), the clay fraction in both sites represented
These authors analyzed the mineralogy of lake sediments and found that the predominant minerals were: Andesine ((Na, Ca) (Si, Al)4O8), Albite (Na AlSi3O8), Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and Cristobalite (SiO2), indicating that the sediments are of volcanic origin supplied mainly by the URA and reflect the volcanic features of the basin
Summary
The effects of anthropogenically induced acidification of surface water bodies have been extensively studied (Dillon et al, 1984; Geller et al, 1998). In recent years highly acidic lakes and rivers of natural origin were thoroughly studied to better understand nutrient dynamics, limnology and hydrochemistry (Pedrozo et al, 2001; Wendt-Potthoff and Koschorreck, 2002; Pedrozo et al, 2008a; Varekamp, 2008; Cabrera et al, 2016; among many others). Final pH in strongly acidic water bodies is below 4.0 (Geller et al.,1998; Löhr et al, 2006), creating high concentrations of iron and aluminum in such waters (Stumm and Morgan, 1996; Geller et al, 1998). Potentially toxic concentrations of trace elements such as copper, lead, chromium, zinc and cadmium are found (Gammons et al, 2005; Pedrozo et al, 2008a; Varekamp, 2008)
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