Abstract
This review summarizes the findings from studies of trace element levels in marine sediment and organisms in the Gulf of Thailand. Spatial and temporal variations in trace element concentrations were observed. Although trace element contamination levels were low, the increased urbanization and agricultural and industrial activities may adversely affect ecosystems and human health. The periodic monitoring of marine environments is recommended in order to minimize human health risks from the consumption of contaminated marine organisms.
Highlights
Environmental pollution is an urgent concern worldwide [1]
Once trace elements are released into the environment, they can be dispersed by the wind and deposited in soil and bodies of water, accumulating in marine sediments [8,9]
Excessive land-based pollution caused by population growth, urbanization, and industrialization along the coastline is the main driving force of marine environmental degradation in the Gulf of Thailand [75]
Summary
Environmental pollution is an urgent concern worldwide [1]. Pollutant contamination can exert adverse effects on ecosystems and human health [2]. Trace elements are one type of pollutant released into the environment, and metal contamination levels are rising. Fresh water from four major rivers—Mae Klong, Tha Chin, Chao Phraya, and Bangpakong—and minor rivers from the eastern and western parts of Thailand flows into the Upper Gulf, supplementing the nutrients, sediments, and pollutants in the basin [17]. Trace element contamination in the Gulf of Thailand, which is caused by rapid economic, social, agricultural, and industrial development and urbanization over the last three decades, has emerged as a major concern. Gulf [18], which is known as a major marine resource in terms of fishing and aquaculture; its pollution will adversely affect its environmental qualities and increase health risks from consuming contaminated marine organisms, especially commercially important aquatic food sources such as fish, crabs, and mollusks [17]. The objective of this review was to evaluate published research on trace element concentrations in marine sediment and organisms, in order to reflect the status of trace element pollution in the Gulf of Thailand
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