Trace element levels and autism spectrum disorder in a sample of Algerian children: A case-control study investigation

Abstract

The prevalence of autism has been increasing in recent years due to better screening. diagnosis. and awareness campaigns. Toxic metals are considered to be one of the environmental factors that may contribute to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study aimed to investigate the levels of toxic and essential trace elements in autistic children and their connection to autism. The study included 40 autistic children and 41 controls. both aged 4–9 years. The levels of toxic metals and metalloids (Arsenic. Cadmium. Chromium. Mercury. Lead) and trace elements (Copper. Iron. Selenium. Zinc) were measured in whole blood. plasma. and urine using ICP-MS multi-elemental techniques. The results showed that the concentrations of toxic and essential metals were significantly higher in autistic children compared to controls. This was demonstrated by higher levels of Cadmium. Chromium. Copper. Zinc. and Lead in blood. plasma. and urine. while plasma Iron levels were lower in autistic children. The results suggest a possible association between autism and metal exposure. but causality cannot be established.