Trace Determination of Pesticides and their Degradation Products in Water

Abstract

Pesticides and their Degradation Products: Characteristics, Usage and Environmental Behaviour. Introduction. Chemical classes and physico-chemical properties of pesticides. Environmental relevance in the aquatic environment. Degradation of pesticides in the aquatic environment. Toxicity and ecotoxicity. Conclusions. References. Quality Assurance Issues: Sampling, Storage and Interlaboratory Studies. Sampling. Storage. Interlaboratory performance studies. References. Chromatographic and Related Techniques for the Analysis and Detection of Pesticides. Introduction. Gas chromatography. Liquid chromatography. Thin layer chromatography. Capillary electrophoresis. Mass spectrometric methods. Conclusions. References. Sample Handling Techniques (Extraction and Clean-up of Samples). Introduction. Extraction and concentration procedures. Clean-up procedures. Conclusion and further developments. References. On-Line Sample Handling Strategies. Introduction. On-line techniques with separation by liquid chromatography. On-line techniques with separation by gas chromatography. On-line solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and supercritical chromatography. Conclusion and further trends. References. Immunochemical Methods and Biosensors. Introduction. Immunoassays. Immunochemical sample preparation methods. Biosensors. Conclusions and perspectives.