Trace Amines and Behavior

Abstract

Abstract—Trace amines are similar in structure to catecholamines and serotonin of the central nervous system but are present at much lower concentrations. Trace amines such as tyramine, tryptamine, octopamine, and β-phenylethylamine, bind to highly specific receptors that have low affinity for catecholamines and serotonin. Several types of trace amine receptors have been identified. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is localized in the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures. Localization of the other types of receptors is different. In particular, trace amine-associated receptor 5 is localized in the olfactory epithelium and structures of the olfactory brain. By interaction with dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter systems of the CNS, trace amines are involved in the regulation of many behavioral forms. In simplistic terms, we can talk about the functional antagonism of trace amines and the dopaminergic system. Trace amines are considered as promising antipsychotics, which is evidenced by the results of studies in animal models of schizophrenia.