Abstract
Tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3 (TPPP3) is a kind of protein that can mediate the dynamics and stability of microtubules. However, the correlations of TPPP3 between prognosis and immune infiltrates in different tumors are still unclear. The analysis of TPPP3 expression was performed via Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) website. We also used GEPIA to assess the impact of TPPPT3 on clinical outcomes. The related pathways involved in TPPP3 were analyzed by gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and the correlation between TPPP3 and immune infiltration was studied by Tumor Immune Estimation Resource2.0 (TIMER 2.0). The TPPP3 expression was significantly reduced in head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) compared to adjacent tissues. In addition, the low expression of TPPP3 in HNSC was significantly associated with prognosis. The pathways closely related to the low expression of TPPP3 are “Antigen Processing and Presentation,” “Primary Immunodeficiency,” and so on. The TPPP3 expression was negatively correlated with the level of CD8+ T cell, B cell, and myeloid dendritic cell infiltration in HNSC. The TPPP3 expression is closely related to multiple immunomarkers in CD8+ T cell and Myeloid dendritic cells. These data indicate that TPPP3 is associated with multiple cancers and involves multiple immune-related pathways, and TPPP3 is associated with immune infiltration levels. Besides, the TPPP3 expression may help regulate tumor-associated CD8 + T cells, DC cells in HNSC. We conclude TPPP3 can be considered as a biomarker for predicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma prognosis and immune infiltration.
Highlights
Head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) is one of the most frequent tumors in Southeast Asia and southern China
The Tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3 (TPPP3) expression was significantly decreased in HNSC, bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), kidney chromophobe (KICH), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIPC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC)
Compared with adjacent normal tissues, the TPPP3 expression was significantly higher in cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC)
Summary
Head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) is one of the most frequent tumors in Southeast Asia and southern China. The mechanism of HNSC development is complex and involves the alteration of polygenic and multisignaling pathways [1]. During this process, viral factors, environmental factors, and genetic factors affect tumor-related gene regulation and abnormal expression [2,3,4,5]. TPPP3 is a brain-specific protein homologous to TPPP/p25, expressed in many human cells and organs, which could induce tubulin polymerization and microtubule (MT) bundling [6]. Studies have shown that microtubule dynamics change in cancer cell division and are associated with the development of chromosomal instability, anaplasia, and drug resistance [7]. The classical anticancer drugs such as vincristine and paclitaxel are widely used in BioMed Research International the clinic, so the further exploration of microtubules and tubulin is of great significance to the study of tumor prevention and treatment
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