TPGS decorated NLC shift gefitinib from portal absorption into lymphatic delivery: Intracellular trafficking, biodistribution and bioavailability studies

Abstract

Lymphatic drug delivery (LDD) is an attractive option for the prevention and treatment of cancer metastasis. This study aims to develop TPGS decorated nanostructure lipid carrier gefitinib loaded (TPGS-NLC-GEF). Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity were studied using erythrocytes and A549 cell lines. Furthermore, cellular uptake of the prepared TPGS-NLC was studied using 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF). Pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and chylomicron-block flow studies were performed using male Wister Albino rats to investigate the influence of TPGS-NLC on plasma concentration-time profile, organ deposition, and LDD of GEF. The present results indicated that the prepared TPGS-NLC and TPGS-NLC-GEF formulation had a particle size range of 268 and 288 nm with a negative zeta-potential value of − 29.3 and − 26.5 mV, respectively. The in-vitro release showed burst drug release followed by sustained release. In addition, the biosafety in the term of the hemocompatibility study showed that the prepared formulation was safe at the therapeutic level. Additionally, an in-vitro cytotoxicity study showed that the TPGS-NLC was able to enhance the activity of GEF against the A549 cell line. The cellular uptake study showed the ability of TPGS-NLC to enhance 5-CF internalization by 12.6-fold compared to the 5-CF solution. Furthermore, the in-vivo study showed that TPGS-NLC was able to enhance GEF bioavailability (1.5-fold) through lymphatic system which was confirmed via the indirect chylomicron-block flow method. The tissue distribution study showed the ability of lipid nanoparticles to enhance lung drug deposition by 5.8-fold compared to a GEF suspension. This study concluded that GEF-NLC-GEF is an encouraging approach for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer through lymphatic delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity.