Toxocariasis-associated urinary system diseases: a systematic review of reported cases.

Abstract

Toxocariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Toxocara species can involve many organs, such as the brain, heart and lungs, however, the urinary system involvement of toxocariasis is largely unknown. We performed a systematic review to identify cases infected with urinary tract toxocariasis. We identified seven cases that were eligible to be reviewed. Among the included citations, four studies reported bladder involvement and three reported kidney involvement. Fever, urinary, and abdominal presentations were amongst the most important clinical symptoms. Eosinophilic cystitis and nephrotic syndrome were the most common diagnoses.. The treatment regimen included a combination of anthelmintic drugs and steroids. In cases of urinary tract presentations accompanied by eosinophilia or histopathologic findings suggestive of parasitic infection, toxocariasis should be included in the list of differential diagnoses, especially in endemic areas.