Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters.

Hajime Uchida,Ryoji Matsushima,Takashi Kamiyama,Hiroshi Oikawa,Toshiyuki Suzuki,Akira Miyazono,Yuki Kosaka,Katsuhisa Baba,Yukihiko Matsuyama,Ryuichi Watanabe,Shinnosuke Kaga,Satoshi Nagai

doi:10.3390/toxins10110457

Hajime Uchida, Ryoji Matsushima + Show 10 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110457

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Abstract

The identification and quantification of okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues and pectenotoxins (PTXs) in Dinophysis samples collected from coastal locations around Japan were evaluated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The species identified and analyzed included Dinophysis fortii, D. acuminata, D. mitra (Phalacroma mitra), D. norvegica, D. infundibulus, D. tripos, D. caudata, D. rotundata (Phalacroma rotundatum), and D. rudgei. The dominant toxin found in D. acuminata was PTX2 although some samples contained DTX1 as a minor toxin. D. acuminata specimens isolated from the southwestern regions (Takada and Hiroshima) showed characteristic toxin profiles, with only OA detected in samples collected from Takada. In contrast, both OA and DTX1, in addition to a larger proportion of PTX2, were detected in D. acuminata from Hiroshima. D. fortii showed a toxin profile dominated by PTX2 although this species had higher levels of DTX1 than D. acuminata. OA was detected as a minor toxin in some D. fortii samples collected from Yakumo, Noheji, and Hakata. PTX2 was also the dominant toxin found among other Dinophysis species analyzed, such as D. norvegica, D. tripos, and D. caudata, although some pooled picked cells of these species contained trace levels of OA or DTX1. The results obtained in this study re-confirm that cellular toxin content and profiles are different even among strains of the same species.

Highlights

The diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), as wellThe diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), as well as pectenotoxins (PTXs) (Figure1) [1], are produced by (OA)planktonic species of the genus, Dinophysis as pectenotoxins 1)[1], are produced by planktonic species of the genus, Dinophysis and benthic species of Prorocentrum [2]
DTX1 content (4.7 pg/cell) found in D. acuminata sample collected in Saroma was greater than the highest value of (0.7 pg/cell) reported in previous studies (Table 1) [23]
D. acuminata collected in Takada and Hiroshima showed characteristic toxin profiles, with OA exclusively detected in D. acuminata collected in Takada, whereas both OA and DTX1, profiles, with OA exclusively detected in D. acuminata collected in Takada, whereas both OA and in addition to a higher proportions of PTX2, were detected in D. acuminata from Hiroshima

Summary

Introduction

The diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), as wellThe diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), as well as pectenotoxins (PTXs) (Figure1) [1], are produced by (OA)planktonic species of the genus, Dinophysis as pectenotoxins 1)[1], are produced by planktonic species of the genus, Dinophysis and benthic species of Prorocentrum [2]. The diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), as well. The diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), as well as pectenotoxins (PTXs) 1) [1], are produced by (OA). Planktonic species of the genus, Dinophysis as pectenotoxins 1). [1], are produced by planktonic species of the genus, Dinophysis and benthic species of Prorocentrum [2]. Bivalves become contaminated with these marine toxins by and benthic species of Prorocentrum [2]. Bivalves become these marine toxins [3].

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