Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds [PFCs] have found a wide use in industrial products and processes and in a vast array of consumer products. PFCs are molecules made up of carbon chains to which fluorine atoms are bound. Due to the strength of the carbon/fluorine bond, the molecules are chemically very stable and are highly resistant to biological degradation; therefore, they belong to a class of compounds that tend to persist in the environment. These compounds can bioaccumulate and also undergo biomagnification. Within the class of PFC chemicals, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorosulphonic acid are generally considered reference substances. Meanwhile, PFCs can be detected almost ubiquitously, e.g., in water, plants, different kinds of foodstuffs, in animals such as fish, birds, in mammals, as well as in human breast milk and blood. PFCs are proposed as a new class of 'persistent organic pollutants'. Numerous publications allude to the negative effects of PFCs on human health. The following review describes both external and internal exposures to PFCs, the toxicokinetics (uptake, distribution, metabolism, excretion), and the toxicodynamics (acute toxicity, subacute and subchronic toxicities, chronic toxicity including carcinogenesis, genotoxicity and epigenetic effects, reproductive and developmental toxicities, neurotoxicity, effects on the endocrine system, immunotoxicity and potential modes of action, combinational effects, and epidemiological studies on perfluorinated compounds).
Highlights
Perfluorinated compounds [perfluorinated compounds/ polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs)] are organic substances in which all of the hydrogens of the hydrocarbon backbones are substituted with fluorine atoms
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was formed when 8:2 FTCA and 8:2 FTUCA were administered. These results suggest a b-oxidation beginning with 8:2 FTUCA to 7:3 keto acid and 7:2 ketone for the PFOA formation [118]
The bile acid/phospholipid ratio was higher in these animals than that in wild-type mice. These results suggest that PPARa may protect against effects of PFOA and plays a critical role in xenobiotic-induced hepatobiliary damage [235]
Summary
Perfluorinated compounds [PFCs] are organic substances in which all of the hydrogens of the hydrocarbon backbones are substituted with fluorine atoms. The fluorine-carbon bonds are extremely stabile conferring these substances with very high thermal and chemical stability. PFCs are persistent, and some of the substances bioaccumulate in the environment. They can be divided into the groups of perfluorinated sulfonic acids, perfluorinated carboxylic acids [PFCA], fluorotelomer alcohols, high-molecular weight fluoropolymers and low-molecular weight perfluoroalkanamides. PFCs have been synthesized for more than 50 years and are used in numerous industrial and consumer products. These compounds are intermediates or additives in the synthesis of certain fluorine compounds or their
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