Abstract
Soapberry, Paullinia clavigera Simpson (Sapindaceae) is used as a craft insecticide in Peruvian Amazon. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the toxicological effect of P. clavigera proceeding of Pucallpa, Peru, on Daphnia magna Strauss, 1820 (Crustacea: Daphniidae), and on two biological controls of agriculture pests: Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard, 1940 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In D. magna (LC50 at 48 h exposure), the highest effects were found with leaves (LC50 = 237 mg L–1) and stem cortex (LC50 = 398 mg L–1) chlorophormic extracts. In C. koehleri (LC50 at 48 h exposure and emergence of adults), only hexanic extracts of leaves (LC50 = 145 mg L–1; 38.9%) and stem cortex (LC50 = 298.6 mg L–1; 16.8%) produced effects on mortality and emergency of adults, respectively. Toxicological effects of stem cortex chlorophormic botanic extracts on larvae of C. externa (at 96 h of exposure) were not found. Leaves and stem cortex ethanolic extracts had the most potential for use in an integrated pest management (IPM) because they were less toxic and selective to biological control and for D. magna in the freshwater environment.
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