Abstract
A study was carried out to investigate the toxicity effects of exposure of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus. The leaves were harvested fresh, air dried for 7 days under ambient room temperature. 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 ± 2.46 cm (mean total length) and 8.26 ± 1.25 g (mean body weight) were exposed to aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leave at the concentration of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/l respectively. The physical reactions observed in the fish were: erratic swimming, gasping for air, loss of reflex, hyperactivities and skin discolorations which were more pronounced at high concentration and exposure time. The pH and dissolved oxygen significantly (P < 0.05) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) in-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. A high mortality rate was recorded, the histologi-cal conditions on gill and liver includes the deformation of gill tissue with overlapping of secondary lamella and disintegration of epithelial tissue lead-ing to diffuse mass of the gill lamella due to rapid cell lysis, gill clogging and gill structure disruption. Deformed primary and secondary lamella with dis-integrated gill filament, increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament length variation. Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. odorata leaves to fish and exposure, while liver of Clarias gariepinus shows liver hepatocellular alteration and increase in hepatocyte disintegration, rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture.
Highlights
Chromolaena odorata is an invasive weedy scrambling perennial shrub native to the Americans that has proven to be a significant threat to both natural and semi-natural ecosystems as well as to livelihoods in the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa [1]
The leaves were harvested fresh, air dried for 7 days under ambient room temperature. 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 ± 2.46 cm and 8.26 ± 1.25 g were exposed to aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leave at the concentration of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/l respectively
From the results of this study, it can be deduced that Chromoleana odorata has significant toxic effect on the gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus juveniles
Summary
Chromolaena odorata is an invasive weedy scrambling perennial shrub native to the Americans that has proven to be a significant threat to both natural and semi-natural ecosystems as well as to livelihoods in the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa [1]. Chromolaena odorata is considered to be a significant economic and ecological burden to many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it impacts negatively on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods [2]. Fish is usually affected by toxicant in aquatic environment. This study was aimed at investigating the hepatic effects of Chromolaena odorata and its acute toxicity to Clarias gariepinus in order to ascertain their level of tolerance and their suitability as bio-indicator in freshwater ecosystem. The result of the research will provide a meaningful guide to aquaculturist to protect and guide this aquatic organism and the survival rate of fish production
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