Toxicokinetics of Malathion in Larval Stages of the Toad Bufo arenarum (Hensel): Effect of Exogenous Spermidine

Abstract

Abstract The aim of this work was to study the absorption, biotransformation, and excretion of malathion ( 14 C-methoxy) and its metabolites in larval stages of the toad Bufo arenarum (Hensel). Also, changes in malathion metabolization by the action of the exogenous polyamine spermidine were studied. Malathion clearance from the media was uniexponential, and spermidine reduced the uptake in the larvae, causing an increase in the apparent half-life of the toxicant. Concomitant with this effect, spermidine increased the level of induction of mixed-function oxidases due to malathion and caused a progressively higher malaoxon/malathion ratio. As a consequence of the higher conversion to the active metabolite malaoxon, spermidine also provoked a significant enhancement in the inhibitory effect of Malathion on acetylcholinesterase activity. [ methoxy 14 C]malathion metabolites, such as carboxylesterase and glutathione S -transferase products, were detected in the toad larvae and in the media. The excreted products of carboxylesterase activity were about 70% of the total radioactivity, and the glutathione S -transferase products (methyl glutathione) were 20–30% of the total radioactivity. No significant variations in the levels of excreted products due to the action of exogenous spermidine were detected. Malathion inhibited carboxylesterase activity, independent of the presence of spermidine in the media. In turn, glutathione S -transferase activity was induced by spermidine, but was not affected by the exposure to low concentrations of malathion for 48 h. We conclude that the presence of spermidine in the medium modifies malathion toxicokinetics, increasing its toxicity in B. arenarum larvae.