Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that tattoos may be associated with an increased risk of cancer development due to carcinogenic components present in tattoo inks. We explored this issue using The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Exploratory toxicogenomic data corroborate the association between cancer and tattoo ink components, especially concerning the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The top-15 genes affected by PAH and the top-15 diseases associated with PAH were listed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other components present in tattoo inks affect the expression of multiple genes that participate in the metabolism of xenobiotics, cell death, and immune responses, and disruption of these processes may facilitate carcinogenesis. In agreement, cancer is the main disease category associated with PAH. In Brazil and other countries, there are significant deficiencies in the regulation, marketing, and inspection of substances used in tattoo inks. Considering the immense number of individuals who get tattoos around the world, tattoo inks should be subjected to more complete toxicological studies, and stricter regulation of tattoo ink usage is needed.
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