Abstract
The welding fume exposure of welders mainly occurs though the inhalation of a mixture of metals, chemicals, and dust in the workplace. Several studies have already attempted to identify the pathophysiological process of welding-fume-exposure-induced lung diseases, as well as manganism. Moreover, microarray technology offers the ability to investigate the entire genome after exposure to welding fumes, and permits characterization of the biological effects due to welding fume exposure. This review summarizes the published literature on the genetic and transcriptional profiles resulting from the exposure of cells or organisms to welding fumes as complex environmental mixtures in the workplace. Researchers are also actively studying how toxicogenomics can be effectively used for risk assessment of welding fumes, as discussed throughout this review.
Highlights
Exposure to welding fumes is already known to produce respiratory effects, such as pulmonary function, pneumoconiosis, and lung cancer, along with certain non-respiratory results, such as manganism [1]
Despite a large number of publications on the pathophysiological process of welding fume exposure-induced diseases to understand the disease process in vivo and in vitro, relatively few attempts have been made to determine the gene expression levels affected by welding fume exposure to identify early effect biomarkers or the differential gene expression resulting from mixed exposure
With the recent recognition that toxicological approaches more predictive of the effects in humans are required for risk assessment, in vitro human cell line data as well as animal data are being used to identify toxicity mechanisms that can be translated into biomarkers relevant to human exposure studies
Summary
Exposure to welding fumes is already known to produce respiratory effects, such as pulmonary function, pneumoconiosis, and lung cancer, along with certain non-respiratory results, such as manganism [1]. In vivo exposure or instillation exposure of various cell types to different metals and particulate matter, the effect of subchronic welding fume inhalation exposure on the blood via the lungs result in similar gene profile changes as regards signal transductions including oncogenes and cell cycle-related genes, transcription factors, inflammatory response genes, xenobiotic metabolism-related genes, and stress-associated proteins [5].
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