Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have wide industrial –applications, due to their enhanced mechanical, physical, optical and electrical properties. TiO2-based nanomaterials are extensively used in different industries for example paper, semiconductors, paint, food, cosmetics, water purification and textile. Besides its multiple applications in different domains of life, TiO2 has been reported for its hazardous effect on ecosystems, specifically on humans and mammals. The human body may be exposed to TiO2 NPs by three pathways i.e., oral, dermal and intra-gastric pathways and get accumulated in different parts of the body like the spleen, alimentary tract, central nervous system, liver, kidney, reproductive system, cardiac muscles and may form agglomerates with other mammalian cells. Additionally, these NPs may cross blood brain barrier and induce apoptosis in human hippocampal neurons. These NPs also show genotoxic effects that might leads towards the apoptosis and chromosomal instability. It has been observed experimentally that the cytotoxic effects of TiO2 depend on their size, shape, type and rate of consumption. This paper provides comprehensive information regarding hazardous effects reported for TiO2 NPs on living organisms (animals and humans). This information will be supportive for understanding the spectrum of toxicity associated with the NPs that will be helpful in deciding the fate of TiO2 NPs.
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