Abstract
Solvents are at the heart of many chemical processes, from consumer good production to metallurgy and pharmaceutical industries. Fossil-based conventional organic solvents have been developed and applied diversely over centuries but they are facing increasing concerns about their safety, toxicity and impacts on human and environmental health. This chapter reviews the properties, applications, biodegradability and toxicity of five common classes of conventional organic solvents in chemical processes including hydrocarbon solvents, chlorinated solvents, alcohols, ketones and ethers.
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