Toxicity of single and combined 4-epianhydrotetracycline and cadmium at environmentally relevant concentrations on the zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio)

Abstract

The combined pollution of antibiotics and heavy metals has attracted a worldwide attention in the recent years. 4-epianhydrotetracycline (EATC) is the major degradation product of tetracycline (TC), which has been detected frequently in environment and its concentration is even higher than TC under some circumstances. Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal contaminant and has highly toxic to organisms, plants and humans even at low doses. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicity test was performed to investigate the single and combined effects of EATC and Cd on aquatic organisms. Exposure to EATC and Cd at environmentally relevant concentrations had a series of hazardous impacts on the embryonic development, including lethality, hatching rate, heart rate and teratogenic effects. Compared to the contaminant existed alone, combined pollution produced stronger toxicity, which appeared as the decreasing of heart rate and hatching rate, and the increasing of malformation of zebrafish embryos. After 96 h exposure, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in zebrafish embryos were increased significantly, revealing that EATC-Cd co-exposure resulted in potential oxidative stress-induced damage. Acridine orange (AO) staining showed that combined exposure resulted in stronger cell apoptosis. The potential health risks of the combined pollution of EATC and Cd should be paid more attention to higher level vertebrates and humans.