Abstract
Ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) and its sodium (SOPP) salt have been used world-wide for decades as fungicides and disinfectants. OPP is generally used as a hospital and household disinfectant, whereas SOPP is used as a fungicide, which post-harvest treatment of citrus fruits and vegatables for the prevention of mold. Due to widespread use, including many consumer applications, the fate of OPP in the mammalian organism has been the subject of numerous investigations over many years. The aim of this review is to give information about OPP and SOPP including metabolism, general toxicity, carcinogenicity and genotoxicity.
Highlights
Ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) and its sodium salt, sodium ortho-phenylphenate (SOPP) are phenolic substances which have wide range of uses (Figure 1)
In animal studies performed on mainly rats and mice, it was determined that OPP and its main metabolite, PHQ were excreted in low doses as sulfate conjugates (OPP-S and PHQ-S), and in high doses, OPP and PHQ were excreted as glucuronic acid (GA) conjugates (OPP-GA, PHQ-GA) (Ernst, 1965; Bajaj et al, 1976; Ushiyama et al, 1982; Nakao et al, 1983; Ushiyama et al, 1983; Christenson et al, 1996)
Nakagawa ve Tayama (1988) gave single dose 700 or 1400 mg/kg b.w OPP orally to F344 rats and they investigated the toxic effects on liver and kidney
Summary
Ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) and its sodium salt, sodium ortho-phenylphenate (SOPP) are phenolic substances which have wide range of uses (Figure 1). OPP and SOPP are used as disinfectant in hospitals, veterinary clinics, poultry farms, cattle enterprises, home and various workplaces (Grossman, 1995; WHO, 2003; Balakrishan and Eastmond, 2006) These substances are very effective disinfection agents especially in stubborn nosocomial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (Jang et al, 2008; Nde et al, 2008). This convertion is occured by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzyme system and prostaglandin H-synthase-mediated oxidation or by pHdependent autoxidation of PHQ (Kwok and Eastmont, 1997; Balakrishnan and Eastmond, 2006) Due to their widespread usage, living organisms are exposed to OPP and SOPP from many different sources (Kwok and Silva, 2013). The aim of this review is to give information about metabolism, acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of OPP and SOPP
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