Abstract
Vanadium causes a variety of toxic effects such as hematological and biochemical changes, e.g., hemolysis and decrease in erythrocyte count/hemoglobin level/hematocrit index, neurobehavioral injury, i.e. general activity and learning, and abnormalities in development and reproduction, e.g., ,embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, or morphological and functional lesions in liver, kidneys, bones, spleen and leukocytes. Inhalation of vanadium may cause rhinitis, pharyngitis, chronic productive cough, tracheobronchitis, and bronchopneumonia. Moreover, the most often observed side effects include loss of appetite and significant reduction of body weight, often leading to anorexia, weakness, and nose bleeding, vomiting, diarrhoea, dehydration, pulmonary hemorrhage, or death.
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