Toxicity of fungicides to terrestrial non-target fauna – Formulated products versus active ingredients (azoxystrobin, cyproconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole) – A case study with Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta)

Abstract

Despite the high usage of pesticides in current agricultural practices, its effects to humans and to the environment (non-target species) are a continuous concern. Soil dwelling organisms are among the first in line of exposure to pesticides, however their risks are often based on the pure active ingredient (a.i.) and not on the commercial formulated products (FPs) actually applied in the fields. In the present study, we investigated the effects of two fungicide FPs versus its a.i. (s): Amistar® XTRA and the respective a.i. (s) azoxystrobin and cyproconazole, and Prosaro® 250 EC and the respective a.i. (s) prothioconazole and tebuconazole, to the non-target soil oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus. The standard Enchytraeid Reproduction Test was used to assess effects on survival and reproduction. Results showed that Amistar was more toxic than Prosaro, particularly for reproduction (EC50 = 161 mg Amistar/kg soil, EC50 = 350 mg Prosaro/kg soil). For both FPs, reproductive effects were mainly related to one of its a.i. (s) (azoxystrobin [EC50 = 37 mg azosxystrobin/kg soil] for Amistar, and tebuconazole [EC50 = 41 mg tebuconazole/kg soil] for Prosaro), while lethal effects were not predicted by the toxicity of its a.i. (s) (particularly in the case of Prosaro, which was more toxic than its a.i. (s)). These findings highlight the need to further explore the toxicity data of the FPs compared to the a.i. (s), aiming to predict a more realistic environmental hazard of pesticides.