Toxicity of Essential Oils Nanoemulsion Against Aphis Craccivora and Their Inhibitory Activity on Insect Enzymes

Khaled Abdelaal,Fahmy Abdallah,Kamel Shoueir,Attia Quraytam,Fahmy A S Hassan,Mamdouh Essawy,Heba Mostafa,Yaser Hafez,Hatem Fouad

doi:10.3390/pr9040624

Khaled Abdelaal, Fahmy Abdallah + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040624

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Abstract

Essential oils are widely used as botanical insecticides rather than chemically synthesized pesticides which led to catastrophic effects on humans, the environment, and eutrophication. Here, encapsulation of four essential oils Basilicum ocimum, Cuminum cyminum, Origanum marjorana, and Matricaria chamomilla were utilized in the presence of 3% v/v ethanol, as anti-insect against Aphis craccivora and compared to traditional insecticides dinotefuran and pymetrozine. Different tools were used to characterize the prepared nanoemulsion such as TEM, SEM, and Zeta potential analyzer. Besides, selected B. ocimum and C. cyminum were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass GC/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that nanoemulsion exhibited considerable toxic activities against laboratory and field strains of cowpea aphid. In the toxicity bioassay test of essential oils, moderate mortality was observed at 10,000 mg/L against aphid with lethal concentration that kills 50% of insects (LC50) values of basil 992 mg/L and marjoram 3162 mg/L. Else, nanoemulsion provided the highest mortality rate at 625 mg/L and the LC50 values of basil nanoemulsion (NE) 45 mg/L, and marjoram NE 188 mg/L in laboratory strains. The systemic effects of the tested substances acetylcholine esterase, alkaline phosphatase, β-esterases, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzymes on insects were found to be significantly decreased and increased when compared with control groups. Overall, these results highlight that the nanoemulsion is potential tools to control cowpea aphid and could be useful in developing integrated insect management in faba bean fields.

Highlights

The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) is one of the most harmful insects for many crops all over the world [1]
Such characteristics match well with those observed for a single surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and the deviation of the SPR shoulder of anisotropic particles might be possibly attributable to their shape and size [8,11,30]
Concerning of resistance ratio of the tested essential oils and their nanoemulsions revealed that the field strain of A. craccivora had a low level of resistance to all the tested essential oils and their nanoemulsions. These results suggested that basil, cumin, and their nanoemulsions can be used to control A. craccivora as a safer and effective insecticide with varying modes of action targeting aphid

Summary

Introduction

The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) is one of the most harmful insects for many crops all over the world [1]. Essential oils from plant species are mixtures of low molecular weight, produced in high amounts by an array of many plant families such as Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Rutaceae, and Myrtaceae [13,14,15], their monoterpenoids have attracted attention in last years as potential pest control agents. These components had variable modes of action such as direct toxicants, antifeedants/repellants, and some effects on the enzymatic profiles [16]. The efficacy of botanical insecticides may lower than synthetic insecticides, but they are prophylactic and they are not harmful on the environment and public health [17,18]

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