Abstract
AbstractThe use of copper sulfate pentahydrate (herein, designated CuSO4) for fungus control on fish embryos is extremely effective and economical for farmers in waters with moderate or high alkalinity/hardness; however, fry toxicity in low alkalinity/hardness waters is a concern. The present study determined the acute toxicity of CuSO4 to Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides in naturally soft water (42 mg/L alkalinity [as CaCO3], 41 mg/L hardness [as CaCO3]). Median lethal concentration (LC50) values at 24 h were 3.97 mg/L CuSO4 for yolk‐sac fry and 5.24 mg/L CuSO4 for swim‐up fry. Most importantly for farmers, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC; the highest concentration tested to not cause fry mortality) was 0.625 mg/L CuSO4 for both stages of fry. Regarding the safe use of CuSO4 for fungus control on Largemouth Bass embryos, this research was done to demonstrate CuSO4 toxicity to Largemouth Bass fry in soft water.
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