Abstract
Bisphenol A and its structural congeners are increasingly recognized as emerging contaminants with toxic and estrogenic potential that have been widely used in many consumer products. Due to their widespread occurrence in aquatic environment, they could pose risks to the primary producers, such as microalgae. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the toxicity of bisphenol A, its six structural congeners, and their mixture towards the green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Desmodesmus armatus. Bisphenol A (average 14 days, EC50: 42.29 mg L−1) exhibited less harmful effect than structural congeners, such as bisphenol AF, bisphenol G, bisphenol X for C. vulgaris (average 14 days, EC50: 22.39 mg L−1) and bisphenol AF, bisphenol G, bisphenol M, bisphenol X for D. armatus (average 14 days, EC50: 27.16 mg L−1), respectively. Moreover, exposure to combined bisphenol A and its structural congeners leads to synergistic effects. Thus, the increased adverse effect caused by complex chemical mixture poses a greater risk to microalgae. The order of toxic effect (14 days, EC50) of individual and combined structural congeners was: bisphenol G > bisphenol X > mixture > bisphenol AF > bisphenol A > bisphenol Y > bisphenol M > bisphenol P for C. vulgaris and mixture > bisphenol G > bisphenol X > bisphenol M > bisphenol AF > bisphenol A > bisphenol Y > bisphenol P for D. armatus, respectively. This is the first time that the toxicity of structural congeners of bisphenol A and its mixture to microalgae is described. Furthermore, these results were conducted to assess potential ecological risk of these compounds in the aquatic environment.
Highlights
Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical substance belonging to phenols, has been widely used for more than 50 years as an additive or monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, thermal paper, and epoxy resins in a wide range of consumer products, such as the lining of food cans, printing inks, compact discs, flame retardants, plastic bottles, thermal receipts, toys, pesticides, automobile parts, electronic and medical equipment (Makowska et al 2021; Mustieles et al 2021; Ramirez et al 2021)
Compared with the control samples, bisphenol M (BPM) and BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF), MIX significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of D. armatus and C. vulgaris
The results achieved in the present study showed that in most cases, BPAF, bisphenol G (BPG), BPM, and bisphenol X (BPX) (14 days, E C50: 15.76–34.76 mg L−1) had higher toxicities to C. vulgaris and D. armatus in comparison to BPA (14 days, EC50: 42.52 and 42.06 mg L−1, respectively)
Summary
Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical substance belonging to phenols, has been widely used for more than 50 years as an additive or monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, thermal paper, and epoxy resins in a wide range of consumer products, such as the lining of food cans, printing inks, compact discs, flame retardants, plastic bottles, thermal receipts, toys, pesticides, automobile parts, electronic and medical equipment (Makowska et al 2021; Mustieles et al 2021; Ramirez et al 2021). BPA is one of the world’s highest volume-produced chemical compounds. Global production of this endocrine-disrupting compound reached 7.7 million tonnes in 2015 and is Previous studies have reported that BPA was toxic to the aquatic organisms and can cause endocrine-disrupting effects, which are potentially associated with a variety of negative health consequences including developmental. In 2017, this endocrine-disrupting compound was included in the candidate list of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) and classified as toxic to reproduction by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA, 2017). Its use was restricted in thermal paper since 2020 (less than 0.02% by weight) (EU, 2016) and banned in the production of baby bottles in 2011 (EU, 2011; EU, 2013) in the European Union
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