Toxicity, interstrand cross-links and DNA fragmentation induced by ‘activated’ cyclophosphamide in yeast: Comparative studies on 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide, its monofunctional analogon, acrolein, phosphoramide mustard, and nor-nitrogen mustard

Abstract

Activated cyclophosphamide (CP) is known to achieve its cytotoxic and alkylating capacity upon spontaneous hydrolytic breakdown of the oxazaphosphorine ring structure. Treatment of yeast cells with the chemically activated form of CP (4-hydroperoxy-CP, 4-OOH-CP) and with several potentially toxic cleavage products revealed that cytotoxicity is closely linked to the formation of DNA interstrand cross-links and to DNA fragmentation. While this holds true for 4-OOH-CP and its bifunctional alkylating breakdown products, phosphoramide mustard (PM) and nor-nitrogen mustard (NNM), equimolar concentrations of acrolein and the monofunctional analogon of activated CP were inactive. NNM, the ultimate cleavage product within the successive degradation of the oxazaphosphorine structure was five times more toxic than 4-OOH-CP, whereas the cytotoxic action of PM was only slightly enhanced. The high cytotoxicity of NNM was matched by its ability to induce DNA interstrand cross-links: at concentrations and treatment times producing equal cell killing, 4-OOH-CP and NNM produced the same extent of cross-linking and DNA fragmentation. Biochemical potency of NNM is in contrast to data found with the NBP colorimetric assay which suggest that NNM loses its alkylating activity at neutral pH. 4-OOH-CP and PM are much more stable than predicted from half-life measurements performed via the NBP colorimetric assay: they retain a considerable fraction of their cytotoxic and cross-linking activity in spite of a 12-h preincubation at pH 7 and 36°C.